略论清末民初的国家建设问题--从“联省自治”运动的成因说起

“联省自治”运动与其说是一种建国方案，不如说是那时的人们在国家建设方面无所作为的具体表征。权力的集中、对社会全面介入、变间接统治为直接统治，乃是现代国家建设所不可缺少的重要环节。在从传统国家向现代国家转型的过程中，清廷因为无法于短时间内解决在旧有社会基础上建设现代国家的内在困境，最终随着辛亥革命的爆发而走向了崩溃瓦解。辛亥革命虽然使得清朝走向了最终的解体，但它并没有实现现代国家建设所必需的最低限度的权力集中。作为地方势力对集权措施的强烈反弹，“联省自治”运动是以一种斗争策略的面目登上历史舞台的。该运动之所以走向失败，乃是在于只有在统一的国家之内，方可言自治，换句话说，任何自治都需以统一的民族国家为其前提条件。

On the Question of Nation-building in Late Qing and Early Republican China --Speaking from the Movement of Federalism

The Movement of Federalism is not so much a program of state-founding than a representation of the inability of China in its nation-building. Centralization, the power fully involved into the society and direct rule instead of indirect rule are the three important factors of the modem nation-building. In the transition from a traditional state to a modem one, the Qing Dynasty could not salve the dilemma of building a modem state on the basis of traditional society and thus collapse with the outhreak of the Xinhai Revolution. However, this revolution did not realized the centralization necessary for building a modern state. The mason why this movement was failure is that autonomy could only exists in a unifiod country.