强制性冲突法和任意性冲突法理论初探

冲突法对法官和当事人是任意性规范还是具有强制性的拘束力?这是一个具有重要现实意义的问题.普通法国家一般认为冲突法是任意性法律.这些国家的法院总是适用法院地法,除非当事人一方要求适用外国法作为准据法.罗马法国家一般认为冲突法是强制性法规,这些国家的法院有义务按照法院地的冲突规范适用准据法.我国冲突规范主要规定于《中华人民共和国民法通则》之中,因为《中华人民共和国民法通则》不是任意性的,因此我国冲突法不应是任意性规范.但我国一些地方法院的司法实践却不时将我国冲突法作为任意性法规对待,这不仅有损于我国司法在国际社会的形象,而且损害了我国冲突法的健康发展.因此我们必须在立法和司法实践中明确:我国的冲突规范不是任意性规范,它对所有人民法院均具有拘束力.

On the Theories of Mandatory and Facultative Conflicts of Laws

Are the conflict rules facultative or mandatory for the judge and the person concerned?This is a question with great practical significance.The conflict rules are often facultative in the common law countries where the courts always apply to the leg- es unless either of the parties asks for the applicable law of a foreign country.The conflict rules are generally mandatory in Roman law countries where the courts have the duty to apply to the leges according to the conflict rules of the leges fori.The Chinese con- flict rules are mainly provided in The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China.Since The General Principles of the Civil taw of the People's Republic of China are not facultative,the Chinese conflict rules should not be faculta- tive.However,some local people's courts often treat the Chinese conflict of laws as facultative in practice,which is harmful not only to the international image of the Chinese justice but also to the development of the conflict of laws in our country.Therefore, we must make clear and definite both in legislation and in judicial practice:the conflict rules of our country are not facultative which are binding on all people's courts.