经济学方法论的个体主义、集体主义及其超越

方法论个体主义和方法论集体主义的分歧源于社会理论中的能动性与结构问题。方法论个体主义体现了一个极端,即强调行为主体而不是社会结构,是一种试图仅用个体相关的方式处理社会结构、制度和其他总体现象的方式。方法论集体主义体现了另一个极端,强调整体结构而不是个体,认为所有个体倾向或行为能够也应当从社会的、结构的、文化的或者制度的现象中得到解释。这两个极端都有其缺陷:个体主义否定结构影响,不承认多层次系统中存在着不同的"质"层级,集体主义对改变个体的过程和机制也未给予充分的关注。而对这两者的超越与综合则包括了结构化理论、批判实在论、凡勃伦制度主义、奥地利传统的互动主义以及基于现代系统论的系统主义等。结构化理论和批判实在论试图从实体层次上分离能动性与结构,凡勃伦制度主义和互动主义试图从不同的角度解释能动性与结构之间的双向因果关系,系统主义则采用系统论的思考方式,强调不同层级和不同网络中的循环因果关系。

Individualism,Holism and the Transcendence of them Economics Methodological

The divergence between methodological individualism and methodological holism originates in the proposition about agency and structure.One extreme appeared in methodological individualism,that is,emphasizing agent rather than social structures,which is a method of dealing social structures,systems and other general phenomena related to individuals.Another extreme appeared in methodological holism,that is,emphasizing integral structure rather than individuals,regarding all individual tendencies and behaviors could and should be explained from social,structural,cultural and systematical phenomena.These two extremes both have drawbacks.Individualism denies structural influence and don’t admit that there exist levels of diffenert property in multilevel system,while holism didn’t give adequate attention to the process and mechanism of individuals changing.The surpass and integration of the two include structuration theory,critical realism,Veblenian institutionalism and interactionism of Austria tradition and systemism based on modern systematology,etc.