集体所有、村委管理与村民的行政诉讼原告资格——兼论“村”的公法人地位

村民是否有资格对村委会的集体财产处分行为提起诉讼,是当下我国村民自治实践中急待解决的法律问题。在实证法没有明文规定的背景下,法院都把集体财产处分纠纷作为民事案件处理,但对村民的原告资格问题却给出了两种相互矛盾的回答。而且,不管法院是肯定还是否定村民的原告资格,都分别隐含了把集体财产等同于村民共有财产,或者把"村"定性为私法人的理论错误,充分暴露了村民原告资格在民事诉讼制度框架下的解释困境。实际上,对依据法律和政府行为设立并承担大量公共管理职能的"村",我们只有把它定性为大陆法国家行政法上的公法人才是准确的。一旦恢复"村"的公法人面貌和地位,把村委会处分集体财产纠纷纳入行政诉讼,集体财产的均等分配性特征使村民个人和集体财产之间构成"法律上利害关系",每个村民对集体财产处分行为就都具有行政诉讼原告资格。

The Plaintiff Qualification of Community Ownership,Village Committee and Villages in Administrative Litigation:On Administrative Village’s Legal Personality of Public Law

Whether villagers have the qualification to institute legal proceedings against village committee for its disposal of collective property is a critical legal issue in the practice of villagers’ self-administration in China.Since positive laws did not have clear stipulations on this,the law courts dealt with the disputes on collective property as civil cases,but provided two contradictory replies to the plaintiff qualifications of the villagers.However,no matter the law courts affirm or negate the plaintiff qualifications of the villagers,it implicates that the theoretical mistakes of considering the collective property the same as the common property o f villagers and determining the "village" as the private juridical person,and fully reveals the explanation plight of the plaintiff qualifications of the villagers under the framework of civil litigation system.In fact,the villages founded on the laws and government regulations and serving the role of public administrators should be determined as public juridical persons according to the administrative laws in civil law countries.In this way,the disputes on the disposal of collective property are brought into the category of administrative litigation,and the characteristic of equal distribution of collective property makes villagers have "legal interests" with collective property,accordingly,any villager has the plaintiff qualification on the disposal of collective property.