选择性、传统还是适应:流动对农村育龄妇女男孩偏好的影响研究

我国人口的大规模流动正在改变着农村育龄妇女的生育观念,传统生育观念中的男孩偏好逐步弱化.文章梳理了流动对人们生育观念影响的相关理论,并通过对调查数据的分析,在控制了人口流动的选择偏差的条件下,比较了从未流动的农村育龄妇女和有流动经历的农村育龄妇女在男孩偏好方面的差异,并进一步研究了“流动时是否与丈夫在一起”的经历对农村育龄妇女男孩偏好的影响.结果表明,有流动经历和没有流动经历的妇女在男孩偏好方面确实存在显著的差异,这种差异一方面是由于流动的选择性造成的,另一方面也源于流动使妇女的生育观念更为现代化,弱化了她们的男孩偏好.但是,流出地的文化传统依然通过家庭和社区影响着妇女生育的性别偏好.     

城镇外来农村流动人口的生育观念与行为分析--来自深圳调查的发现

本文利用2005年西安交通大学人口与发展研究所深圳外来农村流动人口调查数据,定量分析了流动前后城镇外来农村流动人口生育观念与行为的现状及其变化;并利用调查所得到的城镇户籍人口生育观念信息,比较分析了城镇外来农村流动人口与户籍人口生育观念的差异。研究表明,流动后农村流动人口的期望子女数减少,生育数量偏好与城镇户籍人口无显著差异;理想子女性别偏好观念有所弱化,但仍强于城镇户籍人口;农村流动人口初育年龄推迟,初育间隔缩短,一胎与二胎生育间隔延长,但仍具有较强的男孩偏好特征,男孩偏好行为的改变滞后于观念的变化。     

生育性别偏好行为的双向选择——来自陕西省神木县的调查发现

本研究根据神木县经济、社会发展以及政策调整,结合群众的生育观念调查和访谈,以出生人口性别比变动趋势分析生育性别偏好的发展和变化。研究发现,在经济、社会发展以及政策调整进程中,存在生育性别偏好的双向选择：一方面,男孩功能随着经济与社会发展出现减弱,促进了不再追求生育儿子的生育性别偏好正向选择;另一方面,在男孩偏好文化顽固的地区,经济社会发展与政策调整刺激了男孩偏好,加剧了偏好儿子的生育性别偏好逆向选择。研究有利于明确经济、社会以及政策对于生育性别偏好的影响,从而为进一步制定有效的性别失衡治理政策提供依据。     

性别偏好与性别选择性生育技术利用意愿——中国与德国、英国和美国的比较

国内以往对人们性别偏好的研究多集中于对"男孩偏好"的研究,而对性别偏好的其他类型关注很少,特别是对人们性别偏好的强度几乎没有涉及。运用国内298名大学生的问卷调查资料,结合美国、英国和德国的相关实证研究,对性别偏好的类型和强度进行中外比较研究后发现,与西方育龄妇女生育意愿相比,中国大学生总体上性别均衡偏好的比例更大,而无偏好的比例较小;中国大学生希望使用性别选择技术以达到生育理想性别孩子的比例相对更高。     

流迁人口对广东省人口发展的替代效应

所谓替代迁移是指迁移人口对长期处于更替生育水平以下的人口,因人口自然减少而产生的替代效用。广东省不但是全国人口流动和迁移最活跃的省份,而且人口总和生育率已连续10年低于更替水平,进入低生育水平时期。本文实证分析广东省在无流动人口、保持峰值人口、维持峰值劳动年龄人口和潜在供养比最大值等条件下,流迁人口对总人口规模和结构的替代效应,认为适度替代流迁人口是解决长期维持低生育水平地区所产生的人口问题的有效途径。     

流迁人口研究

人口的迁移与流动，是很难严格区分开的，所以有人干脆用人口移动（Move）来包括上述两个概念。在中国，因为存在着严格的户口制度，由此产生了一批户口没有迁移，但人已经实际迁移的人口。笔者曾给这类人一个称呼：“流迁人口”，以示这批人口界于有户口的迁移与流动人口之间，并且根据第三次人口普查资料，对全国、上海、福建等地的流迁人口作了初步的研究。随着时间的流逝，社会的变迁，中国的流迁人口发生了很大的变化，因而有必要对流迁人口作进一步深入研究。一、概念的界定与资料评估流迁人口指的是没户口迁移而长期移动的人口。为…     

性别偏好与农村妇女生育行为的实证分析

问题的提出及研究的目的由于传统文化在农民的意识中根深蒂固，而且性别偏好在农村显然比在城市显著，故研究者的眼光多放在农村。性别偏好是中国农民生育需求的核心所在，最难触动。以往这方面的研究虽然从原因、表现、后果、解决措施等几个方面来分析，但大体是侧重在其原因以及研究性别偏好和生育性别选择所产生的影响上。本文利用对湖北部分县市的调查资料，对妇女生育行为、男孩偏好进行深入分析以期加深对性别偏好和生育行为本身的研究，加深对观念，生育行为的动机、逻辑方面影响出生性别选择的认识。     

性别偏好如何影响家庭生育数量?——来自中国城市家庭的实证研究

家庭生育数量会受到性别偏好的影响,但影响方向和作用机制还未达成共识。文章利用全国城市青年调查数据,对性别偏好和家庭生育数量之间的关系进行实证研究。结果表明,性别偏好并不等同于男孩偏好,其内容呈现出多元化特点;无性别偏好在城市已婚已育青年中所占比重最高。不同性别偏好对家庭生育数量的作用方向和强度有所差异:性别数量双偏好会显著提升家庭生育数量;与无性别偏好相比较,单性别偏好也会提升家庭生育数量,但女孩偏好对家庭生育数量的提升作用更强也更显著。     

中国乡城人口流动与城镇出生人口性别比——基于“五普”数据的分析

本文利用中国第五次人口普查1‰抽样数据,以城镇区域人口为重点,定量分析了农村人口流动对城镇地区人口出生性别比,以及农村流入城镇人口子女性别的影响。研究发现,中国农村未流动人口、农村流入城镇人口和城镇非农村流入人口的出生性别比均偏离了出生性别比的正常水平,农村人口流动影响了城镇地区生育性别,农村流入城镇人口相对较强的男孩偏好观念加剧了城镇地区出生性别比偏高。     

中国人口生育意愿与男孩偏好研究

本文基于"四川省促进出生人口性别结构平衡问卷"的调查数据对育龄人群的生育意愿与男孩偏好关系进行实证检验。结果显示,所调查育龄群体的理想子女数约1.8个;男孩偏好发生概率具有明显的地区、人口特征,民族属性、家人想法、对生育政策知晓情况以及养老方式等变量对男孩偏好的影响显著。分析认为,这是个体所处环境对其影响作用所致。因此,政府应借助各类传播媒介,利用人际传播和大众传播等方式,加大对人口现状及生育政策等知识的宣传,扩大新型生育观念普及面,通过减弱男孩偏好逐步实现出生人口性别比结构平衡。除此之外,"一儿一女"的生育偏好普遍存在,全面二孩生育政策虽然满足了婚育家庭的生育需求,但有可能激发一孩是女孩的家庭的男孩偏好,打击"两非"仍是未来人口工作重点。     

中国农民工的社会网络与性别偏好——基于深圳调查的研究

文章利用西安交通大学人口与发展研究所2005年中国深圳市农民工调查数据,基于社会网络理论定量研究了农民工的性别偏好现状及其影响因素。研究发现流动后农民工的生育观念与行为仍具有明显的男孩偏好特征;社会网络因素、流动因素和个体因素在一定程度上对农民工的男孩偏好观念与行为产生了影响。本文的研究结果对于理解中国城镇人口出生性别比偏高的现象和原因有重要作用。     

Explaining son preference in rural India: the independent role of structural versus individual factors

Much research has been done on demographic manifestations of son preference, particularly girls’ excess mortality; however, there is less research that focuses on son preference itself. This paper analyzes the determinants of son preference in rural India. We separate the independent, relative effects of characteristics of individual women and their households, village opportunities for women and village development, and social norms. We look at both socioeconomic and sociocultural variables. Finally, we examine whether predictors of son preference differ by desired family size. Our data come from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) India, 1992–1993. We use an ordered logit model, with dummy variables for state of residence. Our analysis shows that women’s education, particularly at secondary and higher levels, is consistently and significantly associated with weaker son preference, regardless of desired family size. Once factors measuring social norms, such as marriage customs, caste and religion, are included, economic wealth and women’s employment at household or village levels are not significant. Media access remains significant, suggesting an influence of “modernizing” ideas. Among social factors, caste and religion are associated with son preference but, once state of residence is controlled for, marriage patterns and cultivation patterns are insignificant. The strength and significance for son preference of many determinants differs by desired family size. Our results suggest that policy makers seeking to influence son preference need to identify and target different policy levers to women in different fertility and social contexts, rather than try an approach of one size that fits all.     

现代夫妻关系对妇女男孩偏好的影响

在影响妇女男孩偏好的因素中，夫妻关系是非常重要的一个方面。文章利用中国人民大学人口与发展研究中心2010年在浙江、湖北和河北3个省份开展的“农村妇女家庭及生育状况”专题调查数据，运用回归模型分析了现代夫妻关系对妇女男孩偏好的影响。研究发现，目前我国的夫妻关系表现出明显的现代特征，而且现代夫妻关系对妇女的男孩偏好起着弱化的作用。家庭地位高、权力资源丰富、对丈夫家依赖程度较低的妇女，她们的男孩偏好比较弱。     

Son preference in rural China: patrilineal families and socioeconomic change

This article draws on a survey conducted in six provinces in summer 2008 to investigate the determinants of son preference in rural China. The analysis confirms the conventional wisdom that son preference is embedded within patrilineal family structures and practices. We extend our analysis by exploring specific aspects of variation within patrilineal family culture. We find that the patrilineal group (clan) composition of villages and family participation in practices such as building ancestral halls and updating genealogies significantly influence son preference. Yet even though son preference is embedded within patrilineal family culture, our analysis suggests that over time the attenuation of son preference is likely. This is because determinants associated with socioeconomic change—for instance, higher levels of education, direct exposure to official policy education materials, higher income (a proxy for rural industrialization), and agricultural mechanization—all attenuate son preference. Being younger and female are also associated with weaker son preference, and both characteristics are likely to interact with education and industrialization to further dilute son preference in the longer term. Nevertheless, our findings suggest that concerted efforts are needed to ameliorate institutional discrimination against rural people in welfare provisioning and in labor markets, and to promote multiple dimensions of gender equality, including in land rights, wage rates, and education.     

Does son preference influence children's growth in height? A comparative study of Chinese and Filipino children

Research has demonstrated that son preference has a serious impact on the survival and well-being of female infants and children in some parts of South and East Asia, but little is known about the consequences of son preference in later childhood and adolescence. We compare children's growth trajectories in height over childhood and adolescence in China, where the level of son preference is relatively high, and the Philippines, where it is relatively low. Children's height reflects long-term nutritional status and exposure to infectious diseases, both influenced by household decision-making and, presumably, by a preference for sons. Using data from two high-quality longitudinal studies and multilevel growth models, we find that male children in China show an additional height advantage relative to their female counterparts, when compared to the sex difference in growth trajectories in the Philippines. Further analysis reveals that the additional advantage of males in China is stronger in rural areas.     

When nature rebels: international migration, climate change, and inequality

We study climate change and international migration in a two-country overlapping generations model with endogenous climate change. Our main findings are that climate change increases migration; small impacts of climate change have significant impacts on the number of migrants; a laxer immigration policy increases long-run migration, aggravates climate change, and increases north–south inequality if climate change impacts are not too small; and a greener technology reduces emissions, long-run migration, and inequality if the migrants’ impact to overall climate change is large. The preference over the policies depends on whether the policy maker targets inequality, wealth, the environment, or the number of migrants.     

The Study on the Relationship of the Weakening Son Preferenceand Social Economic Development in China

With the aging of population,the academic researches tend to focus on the size, structure, quality of the labor forces. This article, based on the data of 2012 CLDS, describes demographically the employment status of China＇s labor force by four types： employee,employer, self- employed and farming and analyzes the variations in the indicators of the 4 types employment status, such as human capital,working hours,work sites,income,social security, job evaluation and work values and identity of social class, etc. Understanding these variations is a great significance to the proper labor policy-making.     

社会经济发展与男孩偏好的淡化

本文利用2010年中国人民大学育龄妇女家庭与生育状况调查数据,对男孩偏好弱化现象及导致男孩偏好弱化的社会经济因素进行了研究。研究发现,农业技术和生产工具的进步、农村家庭收入来源中非农收入比例的提高、男孩较高的养育成本、社会保障的完善和人口流动性的增加所导致的人们对“养儿防老”预期的降低以及住房、交通条件的改善等一系列社会经济变化的共同作用,使人们的男孩偏好逐步淡化。     

Son preference in Japan

We examine the sex preference in Japan, using Japanese microdata, and find that parents in the 1920–1939 cohort have a lexicographic son preference. Further, the lexicographic son preference disappears in subsequent cohorts and a mixed preference is observed in parents with two children. These results are supported when the parents’ socioeconomic background is considered. Cohort effects such as weakening son preference and emerging mixed preference are observed. Moreover, when husbands are the eldest sons, a lexicographic son preference is observed only in the 1920–1939 cohort, although it persists in the subsequent cohorts when husbands are farmers/self-employed workers.