历史没有终结:社会主义的复兴与期待

历史的发展自有其辩证的规律。苏东剧变后,著名西方学者福山宣称"历史已经终结于资本主义"。然而令福山等西方学者完全没有想到的是,20多年后的今天,坚定地走在社会主义道路上的中国,正在实现着中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦。历史证明,社会主义依然是当今时代具有强大感召力的社会思潮,尤其是中国特色社会主义的伟大实践更是对社会主义的发展注入了新的活力。我们期待并坚信在社会主义运动不断的改革创新中必将迎来世界社会主义的复兴。     

Something of value: the religious response to de-Maoization in China

The title of this paper is taken from a novel written by Robert Ruark several decades ago concerning the Mau Mau uprising in Kenya. Ruark's contention was that when the British conquered and colonized Kenya, they destroyed the indigenous culture but failed to replace it with an alternative. The result was an ineffective search by the native population for a value system and the barbarism of the Mau Mau uprising. A similar phenomenon has been occurring in China over the past nearly 25 years.Following the death of Mao Zedong in 1976 and the end of the Cultural Revolution, Deng Xiaoping became China's paramount leader. He launched a series of economic reforms which allowed for a limited capitalism. This required formal ideological justification by the Communist Party of China (CPC). The Resolution on CPC history in 1981 was duly adopted. It attempted unsuccessfully to separate Mao Zedong Thought from Mao Zedong the man. Consequently, the Party's legitimacy rests solely on economic success and power. However, many people in China find this lacking and are searching for new belief systems. This paper seeks to establish the hypothesis that this search is the primary reason for the formation of new religious movements in China (Christian and other, such as Falundafa) which have not been officially recognized and accepted.     

从“策略”到“伦理”:对“依法抗争”的批评性讨论

受“依法抗争”概念的影响,当前的农民抗争研究过于强调抗争过程中的策略,忽略了抗争中伦理的重要性。笔者在概括“依法抗争”洞察力基础上,指出了其局限性,并试图引入伦理视角以弥补这一缺陷。本文继而评述了伦理视角的研究进展,在田野研究的基础上,探讨了伦理视角在研究农民抗争中的独到解释力。     

边缘走向主流:女性/性别社会学的发展(2001-2005)

经过最近五年的发展,与以往相比,女性/性别社会学在研究领域、学术水平、学术成果的数量和质量、学术影响、学术新突破等等方面都取得了重要进展,从而获得了主流学界更多的认同与肯定.     

Good to Pet and Eat: The Keeping and Consuming of Dogs and Cats in South Korea

Over the past few decades, there has been mounting criticism, mainly from Western societies, of the practice of consuming dogs and cats in South Korea. In the current study, I researched historical, cultural, and demographic details on, and South Korean people's attitudes to, this practice. Data were collected in two ways. Firstly, relevant information on the history and current status of dog and cat use, including consumption, was sourced from the academic literature, newspaper reports, websites, and animal welfare organizations. Secondly, in 2004, the polling agency Market & Opinion Research International (MORI) was contracted to survey 1,000 adults (15 years and above) in South Korea on their attitudes to keeping cats and dogs as pets and to the consumption of these species. The consumption of dogs has a long history in South Korea while the consumption of cats is more recent. Pet ownership is a more recent phenomenon and is growing steadily. Banning the eating of dogs was not supported in the survey. Unlike cat consumption, dog consumption is strongly linked to national identity in South Korea, and it seems that calls from the West to ban the practice are viewed by South Koreans as an attack on their culture.     

Working Toward a Just,Equitable, and Local Food System: The Social Impact of Community‐Based Agriculture*

Objective. This article serves as a pilot study of three central aspects of sociological research concerning the impact of local agriculture on local communities: food equity, social integration, and natural human capital. Methods. Four CSA farmers, four partners in a direct‐market organic farm, and four community garden site coordinators working in the Intervale, a local agriculture project in Burlington, Vermont, were interviewed in person for this research. Additionally, the author collected observational data in the Intervale, at two local farmers' markets, and as a member of a local community garden. Result. Different modes of local agricultural production have distinctive effects on the local population with regard to equitable access to healthy food, social inclusion, and experiential knowledge of the natural world. Conclusions. Given class‐based disparities in local agricultural participation, local food projects should consider promoting programs designed for broader social inclusion, including subsidized farmer‐to‐family coupons.     

Children Who Choose Not to Eat Meat: A Study of Early Moral Decision‐making

Can young children frame their own choices in terms of moral considerations, particularly when those choices do not match the practices of immediate authority figures? To answer this question, we studied 6‐ to 10‐year‐old independent vegetarians—children who have elected to become vegetarians, despite being raised in non‐vegetarian families. In Study 1, these children were asked about their reasons for not eating meat; their replies were compared with those made by vegetarian children from vegetarian families (family vegetarians) and non‐vegetarian children from non‐vegetarian families (non‐vegetarians). Unlike the other two groups, independent vegetarians universally focused on the suffering that meat eating implies for animals but, surprisingly, they did not condemn others for meat eating. Study 2 attempted to explain this tolerance by examining if children focus on whether an individual has made a commitment to not eating meat. All three groups of children condemned meat eating by morally committed vegetarians, but not by those who have made no such commitment. The two studies show that independent vegetarians are committed to not eating meat on moral grounds and judge that it would be wrong to break that commitment. Nevertheless, like non‐vegetarian children, they remain tolerant toward people who have made no such commitment.     

再论证伪主义的问题:对尹海洁、庞文商榷的答复

本文回应了尹海洁等两位作者对笔者的批评,并再次质疑了证伪主义在社会科学中的适用性。本文指出,由于“迪昂奎因”命题的存在以及社会科学命题的或然性,简单证伪并不可能;而波普尔和尹文所谓的复杂证伪则不可取,因为这种证伪本质上基于归纳法,相对于证实并无优越性和简便性,因而也就失去了波普尔立论的根基。同时,社会科学的统计检验自有其意义,并不需要冠以“证伪”的名号;而“可证伪性”即使存在,但在定量研究中既缺乏操作性,又完全被涵盖于 “解释力”这个概念之中。基于以上理由,“可证伪性”不具备成为社会科学和非科学的划界标准的意义,证伪主义不是社会科学赖以立基的逻辑基础。本文还延伸讨论了证伪、限界条件和发展社会科学经验研究的关系。     

The Tyranny of Fit: Yet another Barrier to Mainstream Employment for Disabled People in Sheltered Employment

Policies that encourage the aspirations of disabled people for mainstream employment might be an effective way to increase their workforce participation rate. This study aims to determine which people in sheltered employment aspire to a job beyond their current sheltered employment job. We asked 64 people with sheltered employment jobs about their workplace and job fit, their intentions to stay in their current job and their future job aspirations. The key finding is that perceptions of fit indirectly and adversely affect aspirations via intention to stay. Participants who felt they fitted planned to keep working at their sheltered workplace, but a stronger intention to stay made it less likely that they could identify an alternative to sheltered employment. These results were not influenced by age or the time spent in sheltered employment. Policy should therefore support people in sheltered employment to develop realistic job aspirations. Helping disabled people to identify opportunities beyond sheltered employment can avoid complacency and free up sheltered job opportunities for other disabled people. But policy changes are required to leverage sheltered employment as a first step for disabled people to develop mainstream job aspirations and facilitate transitioning beyond sheltered employment job options.     

Effects of China's recent development in the rest of the world: With special attention to Latin America

In one respect, China's economic awakening is bad for those economies that have been technological ahead of China and that China is now catching up to. The special feature of China's advance in recent decades has been its harnessing a high volume of Chinese saving to domestic investment projects involving technology transfer through cooperative arrangements with overseas corporations in the West, especially the US. The openness of export markets to China has served to amplify the resulting investment opportunities. The result has been a phenomenal increase of productivity and of the supply of exports. The negative effect for the US and other advanced economies in the West stems from the resulting import substitution by China, thus a decline in overseas demand for US exports, hence a deterioration in the US terms of trade and resulting decline in the real factor rewards that US producers can afford to pay to domestic inputs, including labour, particularly low-skill manufacturing labor. Of course, there are in other respects some important gains for the West from China's commercial success and economic development.     

The extension of healthcare coverage and protection in relation to the labour market: Problems and policies in Latin America

In the past 25 years almost all 20 countries of Latin America have reformed their healthcare systems, but coverage by social insurance averages 53 per cent of the total population (less than the ILO minimum standard), ranges from 7 to 26 per cent in ten countries and has stagnated or decreased in at least eight, and access is insufficient. This article (1) analyses the transformation of the labour market and its impact on social insurance coverage; describes legal coverage of various groups; estimates statistical coverage/access and its trends in the three typical sectors (public, social insurance and private); documents the differences in coverage by income, geographical area and ethnic group; examines the difficulties in the incorporation of the informal economy, the rural population, indigenous peoples and the poor, as well as the causes of low coverage, and touches problems of access;(2) summarizes recommendations from international organizations on coverage and access; suggests specific policies to expand protection in general and to vulnerable groups, and identifies themes that require more statistics and research; and (3) summarizes findings and recommendations. A preliminary version of this article was presented at the ISSA Regional Conference for the Americas held in Belize City, 28‐31 May 2006. Based on the author's book Las Reformas de Saluden América Latina y el Caribe: Su Impacto en los Principios de la Seguridad Social (Santiago, ECLAC/GTZ, 2006), the article summarizes and restructures all pertinent sections of that book, with numerous changes and new data. Useful comments were provided by two anonymous referees.