地理科学专业经济地理学课程教学改革研究

经济地理学是地理学的主要分支学科,是高师地理科学专业的核心课程之一,也是实现培养目标的基本课程。文章从经济地理学学科特点与发展趋势出发,明确了经济地理学教学内容与教学方法改革的基本原则,着重从教学内容体系创新优化、课程教学方法改革等方面提出了经济地理学教学改革的策略。     

高等师范院校人文地理课程教学内容与方法改革探讨

人文地理学是地理学的主要分支学科,是高师地理科学专业的核心课程,也是实现培养目标的主干课程。文章分析了目前高师人文地理学教学存在的诸多问题,如课程设置及教学内容体系与培养目标脱节、实践教学薄弱、课程实施观念和方法落后等,并着重从课程体系、教学内容创新、实践教学、教学方法等方面提出了人文地理学教学改革的方向。     

Geography of Twitter networks

The paper examines the influence of geographic distance, national boundaries, language, and frequency of air travel on the formation of social ties on Twitter, a popular micro-blogging website. Based on a large sample of publicly available Twitter data, our study shows that a substantial share of ties lies within the same metropolitan region, and that between regional clusters, distance, national borders and language differences all predict Twitter ties. We find that the frequency of airline flights between the two parties is the best predictor of Twitter ties. This highlights the importance of looking at pre-existing ties between places and people.     

The Rise of Powerful Geography

The Grosvenor Center for Geographic Education and National Center for Research in Geography Education propose a new framework for geography called Powerful Geography, which revolutionizes the traditional notion of standards in geography education. Combining Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum's principles of human capabilities, Michael Young's theory of powerful disciplinary knowledge, and Wesley Null's concept of a liberating curriculum, Powerful Geography offers a new conceptual approach to professional development for teachers. The approach aims to help teachers model geographic knowledge and skills that offer a diverse group of students the best preparation needed to attain personal and career goals and aspirations. This article argues the logic and value of Powerful Geography, sets up the rationale for Powerful Geography, describes how it builds on prior research, and presents a multiyear research and development plan involving social studies teachers.     

Moving Forward with Research on Adolescence: Some Reflections on the State of JRA and the State of the Field

Over the past 5 years the scientific study of adolescence has continued to grow in volume and sophistication. Drawing on recent articles published in the Journal of Research on Adolescence, I take this opportunity to comment on some common understandings about the nature of adolescent development and behavior, recurrent tensions in the research, and promising directions or special challenges for future investigations. The journal also has changed in significant ways over this period, thanks to the outstanding contributions of scholars and journal/publisher support staff. This editorial pays homage to their efforts.     

地理学视角下中国城市群研究综述

以地理类学术期刊文献为基础,分别对地理学视角下中国城市群研究的发展历程、研究内容进行梳理,发现:(1)空间界限不明确,城市群划分有待统一;(2)物质空间观察较多,社会空间关注较少;(3)空间重要性受到重视,但空间构筑仍待加强;(4)宏观尺度及彼此交互关注较少等特点。最后建议应当进一步关注交通网络对城市群空间流动性的影响、新经济版图对城市群经济空间构建的影响以及对新理论范式的引入与发展。     

Lineaments of the Political Geography of State Formation in Twentieth-Century South Africa

As a step towards framing an understanding of the politics of the South African transition and the prospects for democracy in that country, this paper asks the question: what kind of state is it that is being transformed? It offers the argument that we should conceptualize the history of state formation within the territory that is presently called South Africa in terms of three inter-related trajectories: imperial, national, and urban. By doing this, it is argued, the dimensions of key obstacles in the path of democratic national governance understood as ‘legacies of apartheid’ become clearer as the new leadership of the state strives to establish new forms of rule. Understanding the history of the imperial state system, as well as stressing the distinctiveness of the urban domain, adds to the well-attested story of racial exclusion in the national state and enables a clearer appreciation of matters such as the status of women, the mobilization of ethnic nationalism, problems of crime and civil disorder, and the new forms of politics that are emerging as local ANC notables become agents of the state in black townships and rural areas.     

Disabling Environments and the Geography of Access Policies and Practices

Writings about disabled people are usually aspatial or lack geographical frames of reference. This is curious because geography is fundamental to an understanding of the social, economic, and political opportunities and/or constraints underpinning the lives of disabled people. This paper develops the contention that geographical and/or spatial terms of reference are important in understanding disabled people's lives. In developing this point, the paper seeks to describe and account for geographical variations in local authority policies and practices in addressing disabled people's access needs in the built environment. The paper adopts and develops, after Mark-Lawson & Warde (1987), the concept of 'local political environment' as a basis for understanding spatial variations in local authority policies and practices. Such ideas, in turn, are deployed with reference to postal survey and case study data, where I describe and explain aspects of the geography of access policies and practices in the United Kingdom. I conclude by noting that geographical frameworks and/or perspectives ought to be incorporated, where appropriate, into studies of disabled people and public policy processes.     

Disconnected Geography: A Spatial Analysis of Disconnected Youth in the United States

Since the Great Recession, US policy and advocacy groups have sought to better understand its effect on a group of especially vulnerable young adults who are not enrolled in school or training programs and not participating in the labor market, so called ‘disconnected youth.’ This article distinguishes between disconnected youth and unemployed youth and examines the spatial clustering of these two groups across counties in the US. The focus is to ascertain whether there are differences in underlying contextual factors among groups of counties that are mutually exclusive and spatially disparate (non-adjacent), comprising two types of spatial clusters – high rates of disconnected youth and high rates of unemployed youth. Using restricted, household-level census data inside the Census Research Data Center (RDC) under special permission by the US Census Bureau, we were able to define these two groups using detailed household questionnaires that are not available to researchers outside the RDC. The geospatial patterns in the two types of clusters suggest that places with high concentrations of disconnected youth are distinctly different in terms of underlying characteristics from places with high concentrations of unemployed youth. These differences include, among other things, arrests for synthetic drug production, enclaves of poor in rural areas, persistent poverty in areas, educational attainment in the populace, children in poverty, persons without health insurance, the social capital index, and elders who receive disability benefits. This article provides some preliminary evidence regarding the social forces underlying the two types of observed geospatial clusters and discusses how they differ.     

Figured Worlds in the Field of Power

This article seeks to deepen our understanding of how structural relations of power should be understood in local accounts of activity and identity. Thus, we critically review the synthesis of Bourdieu and activity theory in Figured Worlds, analyzing two critiques of Bourdieu: his insufficient localism and his overemphasis on embodiment of habitus. We are left with Bourdieu’s overwhelming concern to explain how the field of power is locally refracted and critique its doxa in a field of opinion, while arguably doing so at the expense of imagination, self-authoring, and world making. We conclude with our own suggestions of a synthesis.     

Durkheim's Evolutionary Conception of Social Change

Using criteria derived from several recent inquiries into the nature of classical social evolutionism of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this study has endeavored to determine what Durkheim's comprehensive views on evolutionary change were. Durkheim appears to have remained prevailingly and persistently a social evolutionist throughout his sociological career. He accepts the usual view of classical social evolutionism regarding the macro- or large- scale character of the social units undergoing change (i.e., total societies or entire institutions), the organism and its change as exhibited in growth as an appropriate analogy, and the comparative method as the recommended investigative procedure (albeit with a somewhat unique technique to insure the similarity of the social contexts of the items studied). His conclusion at the end of his career that change is naturally both slow and rapid in its rate, relatively limited or unlimited in its initial scope, and small and large in scale is apparently without parallel. His multiplanal, multilinear, and arborescent notion of the directionality of change has seemingly only one parallel (in Spencer). Finally, he agrees with social evolutionists generally that the causes of social change are prevailingly internal, necessary, and uniform in nature.     

Toward an Ecological–Evolutionary Theory of the Incidence of Warfare in Preindustrial Societies

Prompted by the lack of attention by sociologists and the challenge of materialist explanations of warfare in "precivilized" societies posed by Keeley (1996), this paper tests and finds support for two materialist hypotheses concerning the likelihood of warfare in preindustrial societies: specifically, that, as argued by ecological–evolutionary theory, dominant mode of subsistence is systematically related to rates of warfare; and that, within some levels of technological development, higher levels of "population pressure" are associated with a greater likelihood of warfare. Using warfare measures developed by Ember and Ember (1995), measures of subsistence technology originally developed by Lenski (1966, 1970), and the standard sample of societies developed by Murdock and White (1969), this study finds evidence that warfare is more likely in advanced horticultural and agrarian societies than it is in hunting–and–gathering and simple horticultural societies, and that it is also more likely in hunting–and–gathering and agrarian societies that have above–average population densities. These findings offer substantial support for ecological–evolutionary theory and qualified but intriguing support for "population pressure" as explanations of cross–cultural variation in the likelihood of warfare.     

The Evolutionary Psychology of Human Mate Choice

Abstract

The recent incorporation of sexual selection theories into the rubric of evolutionary psychology has produced an important framework from which to examine human mating behavior. Here we review the extant empirical and theoretical work regarding heterosexual human mating preferences and reproductive strategies. Initially, we review contemporary evolutionary psychology's adaptationism, including the incorporation of modern theories of sexual selection, adaptive genetic variation, and mate choice. Next, we examine women's and men's mating preferences, focusing on the adaptive significance of material, genetic and fertility benefits, and their relationship to environmental characteristics. Following this, we consider human mate choice in relation to non-adaptive preferences. This discussion ends with a look at context effects for individual differences in mate-preferences and reproductive strategies.     

文化传承视域下的汉字书写教育

汉字及其书写艺术--中国书法是中华民族传统文化的精髓,汉字的书写教育是传承这一民族传统文化的重要途径.然而,书写教育的现状却令人担忧.本文从文化传承的视角分析了书写教育的现状,阐述了汉字书写教育对于文化传承的重要意义,并从重视书写教育和深化书写教学入手,提出了传承民族文化的策略.     

Evolutionary theory in sociology: An examination of current thinking

After long neglect, evolutionary thinking is receiving new emphasis in the social sciences. Although evolutionary theories in biology are complex, changing, and often controversial, the basic concepts of variation, selection, and transmission potentially have powerful applications in sociology. In such uses, a crucial distinction must be made between developmental processes and evolutionary processes. Two main approaches characterize current evolutionary thinking in sociology: sociobiological explanations, and coevolutionary accounts of the interaction of genes and culture. Evolution through natural selection can occur with genes, cultural elements, and any other self-replicating codes. Although social learning is the cultural analogue of genetic transmission, cultural evolution does not necessarily maximize genetic fitness. Newly emerging sociological theories of evolution hold promise of integrating micro- and macroprocesses, providing explanations of complexity and diversity in social change, reconciling ideas of agency and structure, and linking sociology to biology without misleading reductionism.     

On the Field of Hope

Since its inception 120 million rural women have been involved in the "Learning and Competing Campaign" (Dual Campaign for short). About 100 million women have learned one or two practical skills, 15 million have participated in the courses of farmers' correspondence college and agricultural schools and 601,000 women have obtained the title of farm technician. A great number of outstanding women who have good education, understand technology and show considerable management skills have benefited from the campaign. Rural women's economic and social status has improved noticeably and their mental attitude has also changed greatly for the better.