Assessing the Integrity of Community Organization and Administration Content in Field Practice

The effort to ensure that students acquire knowledge and skills in macro social work practice requires considerable attention in the face of stronger interests in micro practice on the part of students and their field instructors. This study evaluates the effectiveness of the field component at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill to provide learning opportunities for the development of macro practice skills and knowledge. Over 85% of the student respondents had responsibility for at least one macro practice activity during their first field placement. Although a majority of the macro practice assignments were related to organizational interventions and very few to community interventions, the study provides guidance for improving the teamwork of faculty and field instructors in an articulated approach to field learning.     

Community Organization and the Oppressed

There is sexist bias in social work education, as teaching materials for the courses Human Growth and Development and Family Casework exemplify. Two leading authorities on adolescence, for example, accept a stereotypic view of female development. Family treatment writers reveal their ambivalence about male dominance within family structures, as they invoke such concepts as the “male head of the house,” and “sex role reversal,” while simultaniously encouraging independent development of each partner. In addition, the Women's Liberation Movement has created complex reactions among student practitioners.     

Linking Professionalism and Community Organization:

A resurgence of community practice requires that the historical tension between professionalism and community organization be resolved. This paper proposes a scholar/advocate approach to forge a link between professionals and community organizations. The scholar/advocate approach facilitates social change, provides an opportunity for social work professionals to participate in community organizing, and empowers grassroots groups. The benefits and limitations of this method for professionals and community groups are illustrated by its application with three community organizations concerned about the urban poor and homeless. The paper argues that it is time for a resurgence of community-based social work and the development of new methods to attract students to this traditional, and still relevant, field.     

Reconceptualizing Community Organization in India

SUMMARY

This article traces the history of community organization (CO) in the disciplinary and practice arena in India. Although CO within the academia grew with social work, the trajectory of CO practice reveals an increasing tension with the discipline of social work, especially the way it is structured and taught in India. The interface with the community development (CD) programme of the government, as also the growth of the voluntary sector and the influence of new social movements, compelled a review of the orientation of CD and CO. A sectoral thrust on livelihoods, health, education, housing, wages, land alienation, access to entitlements along with the pluralization of debates on caste, ethnicity, tribal and gender identities enriched CO in India. The article offers a perspective on CO based on practice and the critical engagements of faculty members in one of the premier institutes of India which offers social work programmes. Concerted efforts to respond to the changing social and political context with consistent pro-poor stances provided unique insights which are reshaping, refining and re-conceptualizing the perspective of CO in India. This is reflected in course work, the conscious recasting of fieldwork, the criteria of selecting sites of practice and agencies, and the policy work undertaken by faculty members. Could the new curriculum be termed as transdisciplinary or is CO emerging as a distinct discipline? This is a question posed for further debate.     

Empowering Students for Community Organization Practice

Abstract

Community organization courses often focus on discussions of collaboration and campaign strategies. Seldom are students taught how to carry out the tactics needed to enact these strategies. In addition, community organization courses typically minimize the importance of the confrontation tactics that are often necessary to achieve social change. The author describes methods used for classroom instruction in power analysis and confrontation politics.     

Measuring Rational and Organizational-Political Planning Activities of Community Organization Workers

Abstract

Social planning in community organization work reflects two dominant planning styles-a rational style and an organizational-political style. Drawing upon literature from related disciplines, this article describes the development of an expert test that identified indices for the measurement of rational planning activity on the one hand, and organizational-political planning activity on the other. These indices were then applied to investigate the patterns of planning activities of a sample of 138 community organization workers in Israel. The findings show varying tendencies of workers in implementing planning activities, and indicate a lack of homogenous consolidated task patterns. Workers also were found to focus more on traditional planning activities than upon activities based on new knowledge. The findings underscore the importance of identifying factors which influence the tendency of workers to engage in planning activities in the two styles, rational and organizational-political.     

Promoting a Development Focus in the Community Organization Curriculum

As the problem of poverty has become more acute, community organization teaching needs to focus more directly on programs that will raise standards of living at the local level. This article suggests that African community development is highly relevant to the promotion of community-based economic and social development projects. Although the idea that approaches from Third World countries can be adapted to enhance educational programs in the United States is a novel one, the African approach to community development has much to offer American schools of social work that are seeking to prepare students to work with poor communities in both inner-city and rural areas.     

Perceptions of Self and Collective Efficacy in Community Organization Theory and Practice

The concepts of learned helplessness and locus of control have been shown to be reliable predictors of both individual and group behaviors across a wide variety of social situations. Little effort, however, has been directed at understanding the variables associated with these constructs which influence the decision of a disempowered group to take social action when faced with adversity or challenge. This paper analyzes the concepts of perceived self and collective efficacy and discusses how these variables in individual and group behavior impact organizing. The concepts of perceived and collective efficacy are drawn from social learning theory and, within the paper, are hypothesized as the linch pin between various conflict theories. It is argued that once disenfranchised persons are recruited into social action organizations, a certain amount of resocialization must occur that transforms perceived helplessness or personal inefficacy into learned hopefulness with its associated motivation to take action. The role of group leadership in promoting collective efficacy is discussed.     

Changes in Community Organization Practice in Quebec (Canada)

Abstract

This paper examines the changes that occurred in community organization practice in the public establishments of Quebec (Canada) in the 1990s. The results of replicated statistical research show that many changes in community organization practice occurred during this period. Most of these changes can be explained by the socioeconomic crisis that took place in the 1990s that affected part of the middle class, driving the reorganization of public social services organizations and important cuts in the government's budget. In this context of crisis, the government of Quebec more easily accepted the local development strategy to overcome unemployment and poverty. These changes can also be explained by a change in community organizers' perceptions of their profession and their strategy for professional recognition observed in the creation of a professional association.     

East Asia Lifelong Learning Community 2020: Objective, Organization and Operation

Nowadays increasing emphasis has been placed on the positive role of human capital in promoting economic growth and social prosperity. While East Asia has firmly established and actively taken on its role in global development, a good implementation of lifelong learning to promote human capital and integrate educational resource on the whole regional level is crucial to its future. We explore the concept of life-long learning and point out the challenge to East Asia in building a regional lifelong learning system. To meet the challenge and realize the idea of lifelong learning, we design the framework of East Asia Lifelong Learning Community 2020 by presenting the objective, organization and operation for this regional cooperative system, in which universities and enterprises will be the main actors to make it work.     

Transforming a Charity Organization into a Social Justice Community Center

Recent budget cuts at the federal, state, and local levels of government are seriously affecting human service programs in America. Those most affected have the least political and economic power: the poor, homeless, and hungry. To respond to these cutbacks and their service implications, this paper describes an attempt to transform a traditional micro-oriented, casework agency, located in one of the poorest neighborhoods of a large Northeastern city, into a progressive community center that advocates for political empowerment at the grassroots level.     

Application of Social Science Knowledge to the Community Organization Field

Community organization graduates of the School of Social Work, University of Washington, from 1966 to 1971, found a ready market for their skills although there was evidence of some slackening of demand and broader diversification of initial employment settings in the last two years. Graduates moved rapidly into administrative and management levels and appeared relatively stable in terms of interagency and geographical mobility. The small number of ethnically identified graduates made meaningful comparisons difficult. Sex, however, was a disadvantaging factor in employability and subsequent status. Of the ninety-one graduates surveyed, 94.5 percent responded Similar follow-up study of graduates in other geographic regions was recommended     

Public Life in Gulfton: Multiple Publics and Models of Community Organization

Summary

Based on a case study of six community organizations in the Gulfton neighborhood in Houston, Texas, this paper proposes that community organization models need to consider that highly diverse and often contentious community efforts within a single community represent well the context of life in contemporary heterogeneous urban neighborhoods. Despite reservations, we find this diversity of organizational efforts and even the tensions among them generally positive, as they often reflect the most vibrant forms of public life in our otherwise privatizing world. Rethinking the diversity of community organizations as multiple publics in a privatizing context provides new openings for the importance and value of community organization within schools of social work and the larger society.     

Community Organization and Social Activism: Black Boston and the Antislavery Movement*

This paper uses data from an intensive study of Boston's antebellum black community to demonstrate how sustained social activism is embedded in the formal and informal institutions of the community. The social networks of cooperative institutions were primary factors in this community's ability to mobilize and sustain protest actions and to call attention to social injustice. This examination of antebellum black Boston indicates that the issue of slavery was crucial to social activism. This suggests that the presence of a salient issue which links the everyday lives of participants with a public issue may be an important factor in building a social movement based in a poor, relatively powerless community.     

Contrasts in the Community Organization of Chinese and Japanese in North America*

La sociologie amérieaine des relations ethniques, aux niveaux de la théorie et de la décision politique, est fondée sur l'expérience de l'immigration européenne et sur celle des rapports avec la population afro-américaine. Ces deux cas y ont introduit, respectivement, les notions de pluralisme et d'intégration. L'examen des phénomènes du pluralisme et de l'assimilation chez les Chinois et les Japonais aux U.S.A., deux groupes raciaux défavorisés, met en lumière les conditions favorables à chacun de ces deux modes d'adaptation. La formation de eommunautés isolées et plutôt autonomes par le groupe chinois n'est pas surtout due á une aversion hostile du milieu ambiant; elle résulte davantage de dettes contractées lors de I'émigration, de la répartition de la population selon le sexe, des attitudes à l'endroit du travail en milieu urbain et de conllits interpersonnels au sein du groupe. L'idée si répandue de l'assimilation facile du Japonais tiendrait, au contraire, au caractére volontaire de Iémigration de celui-ci, à son isolement et à sa ségrégation en milieu rural, à la possibilityé qu'il a de contracter un mariage endogame et à l'instabilité des contrôles communautaires importés du pays d'origine. Les personnes d'origines chinoise et japonaise nées aux U.S.A. ont maintenant de meilleures possibilityés que naguère de s'intégrer à la société globale. Certains Japano-Américains éprouvent pourtant une désillusion silen-cieuse face à la destruction inévitable des moeurs et de la culture japonaises. L'étude du contraste entre les communautés chinoise et japonaise d'Amérique devrait nous amener à modifier la théorie de Park sur le processus des relations raciales et à donner plus d'importance aux conditions qui permettent la surviv-ance des civilisations-méres dans un nouveau milieu.     

Administrative structure theory and evaluation: An example from the Community Services Administration

Concern about the inability of existing theories of utilization to explain the use (or lack thereof) of evaluation research on policymaking in public agencies leads the authors to postulate an “administrative structure theory.” Utilization is then explained, in large part, by the structure and behavior of administrative agencies. Administrative structure theory rests on four propositions which relate evaluation research to the development and maintenance sub-systems (within the administrative structure). These propositions are illustrated in the context of the recently abolished U.S. Community Services Administration.     

A Wholistic Ethno-Cultural Paradigm: A New Model for Community Organization Teaching and Practice

To prepare workers for effective practice in community organizing and development in emerging communities, schools os social work need to give careful attention to desiging relevant practice teaching and field practicum experiences. This article proposes a new model for community organization teaching and practicing, aimed at increasing the effectiveness of social work interventions in neo-gemienschaft ethnic-minority communities.