体制分割与中国城镇居民的住房差异

在混合经济形态下,“市场”与“再分配”权力之间的良性制衡的关系尚未形成,相反却在一定程度上对社会不平等的形成表现出层叠效应。对住房不平等的经验分析表明,当前（住房市场化时期）的住房不平等状况很大一部分是由房改前的住房分配过程和住房私有化改革过程导致的,社会成员越是接近体制的核心部门,其住房优势就越突出。这一经验研究发现表明,制度变革的渐进性和路径依赖使得根植于体制分割的社会不平等在尚未充分消退的同时,改革之前导致社会差异形成的体制分割因素依然在一定程度上活跃于当前的社会不平等中,且有可能会随着市场化的推进叠加于源自于市场的社会不平等,甚至经由市场的作用进一步延续并放大。     

地理空间与住房不平等:基于CFPS2016的经验分析

与关注中国城镇住房制度改革中的体制性因素和市场能力因素对住房不平等的影响，以及着重以个体的劳动力市场处境予以解释的观点不同，本文认为，居住有很强的空间粘滞性，地理空间差异同样是理解住房不平等问题不可忽视的结构性因素。对2016年“中国家庭追踪调查”（CFPS）数据的分析发现，居民家庭房产的地区差异具有高度的统计显著性。基尼系数按地理空间分解后显示，相对于家庭收入或家庭人均收入的地理空间差异而言，家庭住房资产的地理空间差异更为突出；运用赫克曼两步回归法分析资料发现，地理空间因素不仅影响产权住房的获得，对房产产值的效应也具有高度的统计显著性。这些发现都支持了我们的基本论点：地理空间差异不只是住房不平等的外在表现，而是导致住房不平等的不可忽视的因素。关注地理空间这一结构情境对个体行为的影响及其社会不平等后果不仅有现实的政策意义，也有助于拓展当代中国社会分层研究的视角。     

限购政策对不同城市房价影响程度分析——基于超一线、一线城市比较分析

文章基于2010年6月至2016年11月我国超一线城市(上海、广州、深圳)和一线城市(南京、武汉、杭州)的加权平均房价,通过采用多元回归实证分析法,研究住房限购政策对两大类型城市房价的影响效应.实证结果表明,就短期而言,住房限购政策不但无法抑制房价增长,而且还会起到促进作用,其中限购政策对超一线城市的房价上涨的促进作用较一线城市更为明显.针对现实状况和比较分析结果,提出在出台限购政策的同时应配套采取相应的政策,使得政策效用最大化.     

代际累积与子代住房资源获得的不平等:基于广州的个案分析

本文通过"代际累积"概念探讨了父代住房支持的差异引发的子代住房不平等问题。参考以往通过"优势累积/劣势累积"两条因果路径分析社会不平等的方法和最新文献对累积过程的关注,本研究将弥补以往累积与社会不平等研究忽视代际分析的不足,从因果机制和过程分析两方面推进代际累积对住房不平等的解释。对前者的研究发现,住房制度改革拓宽了个体住房资源获得的渠道,父代家庭对子代的住房支持从无到有、由小变大,其对住房不平等的影响也日渐凸显;对后者的研究表明,代际累积这一因果机制所解释的住房不平等并非稳定不变的,受一些因素的影响,既有累积趋势可能会发生异于原初累积方向的变动,甚至是累积断裂。这一发现弥补了代际优势/劣势累积这一因果机制未能澄清累积过程中波动存在的理论缺憾。     

青年住房福利倒挂现象研究

住房福利倒挂简单地讲就是强者比弱者从政府再分配手中获得更多的住房福利。研究表明住房福利倒挂现象存在于青年群体之中,住房福利主要流向市场能力较强的青年个体,那些青年住房贫困户反而更不可能得到政府再分配福利的照顾。这说明住房市场化改革以后,由市场所造成的住房不平等或两极分化并没有完全得到政府再分配福利的减缓,再分配与市场对于住房不平等的作用力方向具有同一性,当市场和再分配都遵循强者优先逻辑时,这就导致中国转型时期城市住房不平等或贫困在某种程度上是市场与再分配共同强化的产物。     

城市新建社区邻里交往与社区共同体的构建

邻里互动是社区共同体存在的基础。在当前城市新建社区中,邻里交往存在不同的类型。文章在调查的基础上,分析了邻里交往的现状及邻里交往的动力机制。现代城市社会应以扩大邻里交往为基础构建城市社区生活共同体。     

市场化转型下的住房不平等——基于CGSS2006调查数据

基于CGSS2006调查数据,运用多层线性模型分析方法,揭示了市场化改革对住房不平等程度,以及住房资源分配机制的影响作用。研究表明,在地区层面,地区市场化的推进虽然有效提高居民的住房水平,但在一定时期内也拉大住房资源分配的贫富差距,地区市场化水平与住房不平等程度之间存在倒“U”型曲线关系;在个体层面,体制内外职工的住房差异已不显著,但政治精英在住房资源的占有上更具优势。     

教育不平等现象：解释与悖论——西方教育社会学相关理论评介

制度性教育诞生伊始,教育不平等现象便开始产生。这一现象成为西方许多学者和思想家关注的对象。人们试图消解教育不平等。而事实上,教育不平等现象始终无法消亡,甚至很难淡化。主要原因是这一现象有着深刻的社会技术基础、社会制度基础和社会文化基础,有着复杂的教育效应和社会效应。上个世纪中叶以来,西方许多学者充分认识到教育不平等现象深刻而多样化的原因与效应,寻求从不同视角解释或批判教育不平等,致力于合法化或者消灭教育不平等。纷繁丰富的观点和研究结果启发着人们更为全面和客观地理解教育不平等现象,并为人们努力淡化教育不平等提供了思想启发,奉献了更为现实和可行的实践思路。     

社会控制体系中人口分层研究的现实意义

根据人口在社会控制体系中的地位和作用,自然人口可以分为决策层、执行层、目标层和混合层四个层次,并呈现出层次性和交叉性特征。各层次人口在转型期利益获得及满足感上具有多元性并且存在相当大的差别,进而影响其社会心理、政策执行效果以及对待改革的态度。用社会分层方法研究人口在社会控制体系中的发展状况、存在的问题,对解决目前社会利益分配不平等、把握各种社会心理以及对深化改革都具有现实意义。     

股份合作制政策研究

股份合作制是中国农民的伟大创举 ,作为一种制度创新所产生的社会效应影响至深。本文着重从指导股份合作制实践发展的一系列政策为研究重点 ,注重各个时期的政策特点剖析和改革连续性以及政策矛盾性研究。股份合作制在我国之所以得到充分发展 ,得益于政策及时 ,得益于政策的连续性、规范性和适用性。政策的科学性和超前性进一步规范股份合作制的发展进程 ,这种政策与实践的互动过程 ,从一个侧面描述了中国经济体制改革的一般进程     

Globalization, Inequality and Social Policy: China on the Threshold of Entry into the World Trade Organization

Over the past twenty years, social researchers have had increasingly to turn from domestic to international and global perspectives in their efforts to account for growing levels of social inequality and in their search for practical policy solutions. It is against this background that China's recent experience is to be appreciated. The combined programme of economic reform coupled with an open-door policy has achieved much, yet has been accompanied by marked increases in social inequality. Until recently, most experts seemed to believe this trend to be a mere transitional "by-product" of domestic economic reform. Further social reform, backed by sustained economic growth, would be sufficient to resolve the problem. However, the facts now suggest otherwise. Sustained economic growth and reform, especially from the later 1990s, has been accompanied by ever-widening social inequality, with no signs of an end in sight. This is a critical period. China is now on the eve of entry into the WTO, with all the anxieties as well as rewards this signals for the Chinese people. Against this background the present paper weighs up the likely impact of globalization on China's social structure and its systems of social protection. It concludes by offering suggestions for international social policy advance both "longitudinal" (between developed and developing countries) and "latitudinal" (between developing countries in competition with each other). Only by means of such "joint efforts" might China hope to escape the "social protection dilemmas" associated with entry into the WTO.     

Help or hindrance? Social policy and the ‘social determinants of health’

In recent years, public health research has become increasingly focused on issues of social inequality and social disadvantage. This is because social issues, such as poor housing and unemployment, have been found to impact health significantly, and are now referred to as ‘the social determinants of health‘. As a result of this shift, public health is now principally concerned with what are historically considered to be social policy issues. This paper discusses the confluence of public health and social policy; it examines the opportunities and risks posed by this convergence for those working in social policy seeking to reduce poverty and inequality. We argue that, while much can be gained in the two fields by working more closely together, there remain fundamental differences in perspectives and approaches. In order to maximise benefits, these points of difference need to be thought through sooner rather than later.     

Question worth 20 million lives: Why federal housing assistance has not had its Obamacare

The equitable character of a policy determines its progressiveness, yet some domestic policies are more equitable than others. The question of how and why this is the case is addressed by studying federal housing and health policies in the United States, a critical case known for its rampant inequalities in both sectors. Although social equity is a fundamental aspect of welfare provision, explaining differences in coverage and government support among policy areas remains a weakness in the literature. This comparative historical analysis shows that both housing assistance and health care suffered from inequities almost as early as their inception. But a progressive reform took shape with the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and extended coverage to 20 million people formerly uninsured. This essay tackles an unsolved puzzle: Why has such grand policy reform never taken place in housing where more than 20 million people are eligible for assistance but do not receive help? We found that it is largely explained by housing assistance distinctiveness with regard to its weak constituency, racial connotation and low public concern. We conclude with the analytical payoffs of studying social equity, both for political scientists and observers of social affairs.     

Prioritizing Choice: Perceptions of Neighborhood Social Cohesion for Residents in Subsidized Housing

ABSTRACT

Many families living in poverty rely on housing subsidies. Housing subsidies restrict the housing stock and neighborhood choices for families living in poverty. Fortunately neighborhood social cohesion can protect families from many of the deleterious consequences associated with living in a low-income neighborhood. This study uses panel data from the Annie E. Casey Foundation's Making Connections initiative to test the role of public housing types on perceptions of neighborhood social cohesion. The probability sample used in the study consists of 2,470 households living in low-income neighborhoods in ten cities in the United States. Results show that public housing residents, both housing choice voucher users and non-housing choice voucher users, on average, report lower neighborhood social cohesion than their non-public housing neighbors. Results also show that moving to a new neighborhood consistently predicts improved neighborhood social cohesion while moving to public housing predicts declines in perceived neighborhood social cohesion. Choice in where one lives seems to play an important and positive role in perceptions of neighborhood social cohesion. Based on these data, it is suggested that policy makers and housing providers prioritize choice in the development and delivery of public housing.     

转型期房市泡沫困境和改革建议

房价泡沫已成为当今中国突出的社会问题，中国的住房问题在性质上不仅仅应该属于经济范畴，它更应该属于社会政策范畴。在当前中国社会转型语境中，运用社会学视野能更好理解我国经济腾飞的背后为什么还会围绕着住房引发一些列社会矛盾和社会冲突，也只有以社会政策的视域才能更清楚、理性的透视转型期房市改革路径中的各方力量博弈过程。在发展型社会政策和利益博弈两个时代特征下，聚焦房市泡沫困境，反思今后住房改革方向意义非常。     

Redefining Welfare: Australian Social Policy and Practice

The present paper outlines and analyzes Australia's welfare reform policies as they have been implemented over the past decade. While there have been numerous social policy initiatives over this period, welfare reform provides an interesting site for analysis and review. This suite of policies and programs is of particular importance from several standpoints. First, its target groups – those needing income security assistance, including the unemployed, people with disabilities, and single parents – are historically and traditionally of concern to social work and social welfare. Second, welfare reform policies have had significant impact on social welfare agencies, and the social workers and welfare workers employed in them. Finally, welfare reform has had a wider impact on inequality in Australia and our attitudes to those in need. This paper first provides a brief overview of the context of Australian social policy and welfare, its origins and current situation. It then outlines the key operational elements of welfare reform and how it has been implemented. The third section of the paper offers a critical analysis of these policies and programs and finally poses some questions and issues requiring further discussion and research.     

Sheltered Housing and Community

This paper considers the role of sheltered housing following the introduction of new community care arrangements in 1993 and examines the continuing uncertainty about its exact role as community care continues to develop. It reports on a study conducted in Shropshire, using a postal survey and interviews with older people and service professionals. The study highlights the importance of sheltered housing for older people, particularly in relieving them of concerns about maintenance and repairs, social isolation and security. These factors were crucial for their overall peace of mind and quality of life. While only a small proportion of tenants received help under social services' community care arrangements, the additional support, monitoring and service coordination provided by wardens helped some of them to remain in sheltered housing when residential or nursing home care might otherwise have been necessary. Sheltered housing was overwhelmingly popular with older people — but their satisfaction was closely associated with the availability and quality of the warden service. Although sheltered housing is not currently in vogue in housing policy, the paper argues that it plays a vital role in local provision for older people and needs to be more closely integrated into community care policy, while at the same time preserving the characteristics that make it popular with its residents.