亦友亦师亦君子

张广茂：辽宁省美术家协会会员、辽宁省书法家协会会员、辽宁省散文学会会员、沈阳市书法家协会常务理事、沈阳市青年书法家协会副主席、沈阳书画院专业书画家。出版有《少年书法三百六十五天》《颜真卿多宝塔碑笔法详解》《颜真卿自书告身帖笔法详解》《董浩叔叔谈绘画》（合著）等书。     

边疆、边界与国家:韦伯的“农业-政治”研究的理论启发

本文以19世纪90年代中期德国的工业化和城市化过程为背景,以韦伯对"农业-政治"问题的讨论为核心,提出了国家的边疆、边界等问题,讨论人口、物资、资本等流动下的国家经济建设与政治结构。文中涉及的实质性问题包括：全球化、工业化背景之下的农村发展问题,国家建设与国家治理思路,以及国家边界的多重（政治、经济与文化）含义。本文认为,在法律、政治、经济等角度的国家观之外,可以建立一种社会取向的、以国民为核心的"国民-国家"观,即包容多元,建立共识,赋予国民以平等的基本权利,并建立国民共享权责和符合国民基本特质的政体制度。     

A Race, Class, and Gender Analysis of Thriving

Thriving research has been dominated by a psychological perspective. Individuals are typically the unit of analysis and thriving is generally operationalized using psychological measures. This article discusses a race, class, and gender perspective that derives from feminist sociology, as well as its implications for thriving research. This perspective, which focuses on the role of race, class, and gender inequality in organizing social relations, draws attention to the need to recognize that both the likelihood that someone will face a challenge and their ability to thrive in the face of that challenge are determined largely by their location in the social hierarchy. It also demonstrates that distinctions must be made between thriving in the face of the routine challenges of daily life and thriving in the face of challenges that are an extraordinary part of life. Finally, the race, class, and gender perspective has implications for the development of interventions to promote thriving. Each of these issues is elaborated further with illustrations drawn from life history and focus group interviews with and field work conducted among drug-addicted women.     

Poverty, inequality, and development: A distributional approach

Economists have concentrated on aggregate economic growth to measure countries' development progress and in recent years have also considered income distribution performance. This paper reverses the conventional emphasis by placing income distribution at the forefront. I examine what is known about the distributions of income and poverty in the developing countries of the world and probe the correlations between poverty, inequality, and development. I explore the main sources of inequality and the extent to which individual countries have managed to alleviate poverty and reduce inequality in the course of economic growth. Employing evidence from case studies of six developing nations. I suggest some explanations for differing patterns of development and call for development planning founded on a firm commitment to helping the poor.     

A Motivational Theory of Roles,Rewards, and Institutions

In this paper, we attempt to rehabilitate the notion of role by linking sociological role theory to recent work on motivational, affective, and cognitive neuroscience specifying the internal mechanisms behind motivated action. We argue that there is nothing inherently problematic or retrogressive in the idea of “role,” once its link to a purely normative account of motivated action is severed. Instead, by conceptualizing roles as emerging and persisting around structured reward systems, we are able to incorporate contemporary motivational science such that rewards become the proximate causal mechanisms currently missing in role theory. Consequently, a key implication of our argument is that the best way to link role, action, and structures is by reviving the idea of institutions as literal reward systems, which allows us to envision roles as the mechanisms via which the pursuit and delivery of rewards and goal-objects are routinized. Implications for a motivational theory of roles, rewards, and institutions is discussed.     

Embodied Cognition,Representationalism, and Mechanism: A Review and Analysis

Embodied cognition has attracted significant attention within cognitive science and related fields in recent years. It is most noteworthy for its emphasis on the inextricable connection between mental functioning and embodied activity and thus for its departure from standard cognitive science's implicit commitment to the unembodied mind. This article offers a review of embodied cognition's recent empirical and theoretical contributions and suggests how this movement has moved beyond standard cognitive science. The article then clarifies important respects in which embodied cognition has not departed fundamentally from the standard view. A shared commitment to representationalism, and ultimately, mechanism, suggest that the standard and embodied cognition movements are more closely related than is commonly acknowledged. Arguments against representationalism and mechanism are reviewed and an alternative position that does not entail these conceptual undergirdings is offered.     

跨越一个世纪的"尤海姆"和年轮蛋糕

无数的偶然成就了现在的必然,有关"尤海姆"的一切都证明着这句话,甚至包括这次采访.这篇文章——在青岛,有关德国糕点师傅的故事被发现之际,热心的日语导游王勇提供了一个让大家兴奋的消息,日本的尤海姆株式会社将把公司的百年庆典放在青岛举行,并在5、6月份陆续组织750名员工来青"寻根".     

《诗经》中的马:名目、功能及意象

《论语·阳货》曰 :“诗 ,可以兴 ,可以观 ,可以群 ,可以怨。迩之事父 ,远之事君 ,多识于鸟兽草木之名。”诗六义 ,赋比兴为文学技巧 ,作者多以鸟兽草木起兴入诗 ,学诗者宜多识鸟兽草木之名。《诗经》是文学作品之祖 ,包含许多的草木鸟兽意象 ,以某种动植物传达所彰内容、情志 ,必然与引譬连类之物特性有关 ,在明了诗意之前 ,首先应认识动植物名实与特色。诗三百 ,记录的动植物种类博杂 ,本文选取人们熟悉的马为例 ,析加讨论 ,不仅博物穷理 ,考名究实 ,还归纳畜养目的 ,和马于诗作中展现的意涵。透过仔细地爬梳董理 ,除了厘清各色马匹 ,重要的是与人们息息相关的家畜 ,不只提供实用上的价值 ,它们更深入文学创作当中 ,影响文学意象的呈现 ,由此 ,也证实孔子叮咛后学的用意     

Media,fear, and nuclear energy: A case study

Although electricity generation technologies and safety have improved gradually over time, nuclear power, including generation facilities and waste repositories, are seemingly stigmatized in American culture. Contemporary literature has considered the impact of widely broadcasting nuclear accidents and how media coverage might alter public risk perceptions and in turn, U.S. nuclear policy. This paper discusses the vacillation of public support in recent decades and its ties to both media and scientific reporting. The analysis identifies how media coverage of accidents at Chernobyl, Three-Mile Island, and Fukushima overwhelmed scientific claims of safety and security in nuclear energy production. Additionally, the discussion considers how to bridge the information gap between scientists, citizens, and policymakers through increased knowledge dissemination. Finally, the implications of improved scientific communication in democratic policymaking processes are discussed.     

Attachment,Intelligence, and Language: A Meta-analysis†

In attachment theory, several hypotheses about the association between attachment and cognitive development have been generated. In a series of meta-analyses on 32 studies, we tested whether the quality of attachment is related to intelligence (DQ or IQ) and to language competence. Attachment showed a weak association with DQ and IQ measures (combined r = .09; N = 1026). The combined effect size for the relation between attachment and language competence was r = .28 (N = 303). We conclude, first, that differences in intelligence do not play a major role in shaping attachment relationships. Differences in quality of attachment are not confounded in any significant way with differences in intelligence. Second, secure children appeared to be more competent in the language domain than insecure children. Language development appears to be stimulated in the context of a secure attachment relationship because secure parents may be better ‘teachers’ and secure children may be better motivated ‘students’.     

Elites,Oil, and Democratization: A Survival Analysis*

Objective. This study explores the relationship between natural resource wealth, most notably oil, and democratic survival. I contend that natural resources help sustain democratic regimes by easing social conflict between the rich and the poor. As such, the availability of abundant natural resource revenues alleviates the elites' fear of redistribution of wealth, thereby stabilizing the regime. Methods. I estimate a series of survival analyses for the period between 1960 and 1999. Results. Elite support and oil wealth independently help stabilize democracies. Conclusions. The results bring the widely held views on the link between oil and democracy into question and invite further scrutiny.     

凯迪拉克:尊贵与声望的代名词

百年意味着什么?意味着传承,意味着不老,意味着生命力.100多年来,作为各国政要和显赫家族出入重要场所的首选座驾之一,凯迪拉克承载了无数的尊贵和权威,它已不仅仅是一个奢华的品稗,更是一种卓越的精神象征,已经上升到一种文化符号的高度.     

Pacific Worlds: A History of Seas,Peoples, and Cultures

Heinrich Fichtenau, Living in the Tenth Century: Mentalities and Social Orders, translated by Patrick Geary (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, n.p.).

Craig Clunas, Superfluous Things: Material Culture and Social Status in Early Modern China (1991), x + 219 (Polity Press, Cambridge, £35.00).

Philip Rawlings (ed.), Drunks, Whores and Idle Apprentices: Criminal Biographies of the Eighteenth Century (1992), xi + 224 (Routledge, £40.00).

RuthPaley (ed.), Justice in Eighteenth‐Century Hackney: The Justicing Notebook of Henry Norris and the Hackney Petty Sessions Book (1991), xxxiii + 253 (London Record Society, £20.00).

Lee Davison, Tim Hitchcock, Tim Keirn and Robert Shoemaker (eds), Stilling the Grumbling Hive: The Response to Social and Economic Problems in England, 1689–1750 (1992), liv + 170 (Alan Sutton, Stroud, £25.00).

James A. Leith, Space and Revolution: Projects for Monuments, Squares and Public Buildings in France, 1789–1799 (1991), xiv + 362 (McGill‐Queen's University Press, Montreal and Kingston, £50.00).

R. J. Morris, Class, Sect and Party. The Making of the British Middle Class: Leeds, 1820–1850 (1990), xi + 356 (Manchester University Press, Manchester, £35.00).

Anaclet Pons and Justo Serna, La ciudad extensa: la burguesia comercial‐finan‐ciera enla Valencia de mediados del siglo xix (1992), 389 (Diputació de València, Valencia, n.p.).

David J. V. Jones, Crime in Nineteenth‐Century Wales (1992), xiv + 295 (University of Wales Press, Cardiff, £25.00).

Martin J. Wiener, Reconstructing the Criminal. Culture, Law and Policy in England, 1830–1914 (1990), ix + 390 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, £30.00).

Lucia Zedner, Women, Crime, and Custody in Victorian England (1991), 364 (Clarendon Press, Oxford, £40.00).

Nancy Grey Osterud, Bonds of Community: The Lives of Farm Women in Nineteenth‐Century New York (1991), ix + 303 (Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, $42.50, paperback $14.95).

Eleanor Gordon, Women and the Labour Movement in Scotland, 1850–1914 (1991), 312 (Clarendon Press, Oxford, £35.00).

Sonya Rose, Limited Livelihoods: Gender and Class in Nineteenth‐Century England (1992), ix + 292 (Routledge, £30.00).

M. L. Bush (ed. ), Social Orders and Social Classes in Europe since 1500: Studies in Social Stratification (1992), vii + 267 (Longman, £24.00, paperback £10.99).     

A Comparison of Classical,Item Response,and Generalizability Theories of Measurement

This article compares important concepts from Classical Measurement Theory, Item Response Theory, and Generalizability Theory. A brief, somewhat technical overview of each of these measurement theories is given. Important conceptual and technical similarities and differences between each of these theories are then noted. Several hundred responses on Hudson's Generalized Contentment Scale are analyzed using each of these measurement theories and the results used to illustrate concepts from, and similarities and differences between, each of these theories.