A Quantitative Estimate of the Dominant Position of Public Ownership in China and Trends in Its Development

以不同生产资料所有制的经营性资产价值量作为衡量主次地位的边界标准，估算第一产业公有制与非公有制的资产规模及其比重变化，并在前人估算的基础上，延伸估算第二和第三产业两种所有制的资产规模及其比重变化。结果发现：截至2012年，中国三次产业经营性总资产约为487．53万亿元，其中公有制经济的资产规模是258．39万亿元，占53％；第二、三产业非公有制经济占增加值和就业规模的比重分别为67．59％和75．20％。这表明，公有制资产仍占主体，非公有制经济贡献占优，中国社会主义基本经济制度充满活力，从而为我国社会主义初级阶段的所有制改革和坚持“两个毫不动摇”的政策提供了理论依据。     

Return of the Nanny: Public Policy towards In‐home Childcare in the UK,Canada and Australia

Research on early childhood education and care (ECEC) policy focuses overwhelmingly on formal, centre‐based provision and, to a lesser extent, on family day care (or childminding) provided in the homes of registered carers. Comparatively little research addresses the policy treatment of care provided in the child's home by nannies and au pairs. This article examines the position of in‐home childcare in Australia, the UK and Canada, and the varied nature and extent of public funding and regulation. Introducing a new dimension into comparative studies of ECEC, it also explores how shifts in migration policy in each country have intersected with ECEC funding and regulation to reshape the recruitment and employment of in‐home child carers. Australia, the UK and Canada are all liberal, market‐oriented countries, but there is considerable diversity in the way governments support and regulate in‐home childcare, their rationales for so doing, and in the connections between childcare and migration. We argue that connecting the analysis of in‐home childcare to migration policies raises new questions about the classification and comparison of ECEC policies.     

复杂化与胶着态的邪教与反邪教运动--从国际膜拜团体研究会年会审视国际邪教问题研究

国际膜拜团体研究会（ ICSA）转型以来，倡导学术交流与实际工作并重。2016年ICSA年会展现了国际上膜拜团体研究领域关于膜拜团体警示教育、脱教咨询与社会治理、膜拜伤害及其测度、膜拜团体前成员康复四个维度新的视角和关切。中国学者的膜拜团体研究主要体现在中国现代化进程中的邪教认定与治理、中国的社会救助与帮辅、邪教与媒体传播、邪教警示教育、膜拜伤害及其测度等方面。邪教的认定、邪教危害程度的标定、邪教形成和伤害成员的机制，将是今后邪教研究的重点。     

从现代化到全球化--史学研究背景话语的转化

20世纪 5 0年代以来 ,西方现代化研究的兴起、鼎盛及其转向全球化 ,在研究范式与学理建构上很有学术创新意义。 5 0年代 ,现代化研究的方法论主要是结构功能主义的 ,研究取向以欧美为参照系来研究发展中国家的现代化发展问题。 80年代 ,现代化研究被现代性研究所取代 ,研究取向由发展转向发达即西方社会自身。 90年代以来 ,以全球化为载体 ,把西方世界作为普世模式要求发展中国家向其看齐的全球化研究成为西方后现代主义的主流话语 ,全球化研究遂成西方现代化研究的后续整合形态     

Islam, Social Traditions and Family Planning

This article explores the doctrine of Islam and the different theological interpretations of the position of Islam about family planning in Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Iran and Jordan, following the Sunni and Shia traditions. Principles that led to fatwas (rulings) in both these theological traditions, together with the main arguments of the debate between the proponents and opponents of family planning in Islam and the Higher Judge's interpretation (Islamic Courts in Jordan) of the position of Islam on family planning, are included. Men's and women's views are summarized, based on the findings of natural group discussions and in‐depth interviews conducted in 1998 with couples and individuals within their social networks in the different contexts in Jordan. Based on a gap analysis between doctrine, policy and people's beliefs, this study shows a need for family planning programmes to address men and women in a culturally sensitive manner: Men shape reproductive decisions. It is therefore argued that if men were more pro‐actively involved in family‐planning awareness campaigns, there might be a transformation of values and perceptions around fertility and family planning. Another conclusion drawn from the findings is that local resources, especially religious men, can be instrumental in promoting political trust in—and a sense of ownership of—family planning programmes in Jordan. Using local resources in advocacy for family planning, based on the cultural context of Shari’ah, seems effective in changing the reproductive behaviour of men.     

书写差异：林语堂同一作品在中美的不同策略

林语堂1936年离开上海,开始了30年的海外创作生涯。他连续在美国出版《吾国与吾民》、《生活的艺术》、《瞬息京华》等畅销书,名震一时。但是林语堂的英文写作,早在1927年就开始了,而且有些作品先在中国出版,后在美国再版。通过比较分析这两个文本在文化方面内容的处理差异,探讨林语堂面对不同语境、不同读者时所采取的不同写作策略,以及该策略对当今的华裔文学研究、汉英翻译研究和跨文化研究的意义,可以看出,林语堂的作品在中关的差异主要体现在写作技巧上,而非写作题材上。     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

我国高等学校决策制度重构的理念与思路

在高等教育转型期，高校决策在高校管理中的地位逐渐凸显，高校决策水平的提高有赖于制度创新，高校内部决策任务重心的转移也必然要求决策体制和路径的适应性转换。为与高校“自我发展、自我约束、面向社会依法办学的法人实体”的地位相适应，应在考虑我国管理传统、高校管理规律及高等教育法规的前提下，按照分层决策和分类决策并重，健全决策、咨询、执行、监督的决策运行机制，决策主体的多元化、民主化等基本思路重构我国高等学校决策制度。     

哈尔滨:近代东亚犹太人最大的活动中心

:在近代 ,哈尔滨曾是东亚犹太人最大的聚居中心和宗教精神中心。犹太人在哈尔滨进行政治、宗教、经济和文化活动 ,对哈尔滨的经济繁荣、城市建设曾起过重要作用。目前在哈尔滨仍保存着一批犹太人档案、历史文献、建筑遗址及东亚最大的犹太墓地。保护和利用这一文化遗产 ,深入研究哈尔滨犹太人史和散居于世界各地的哈尔滨犹太人及其后裔的生活状况 ,有利于加强中国与以色列、中国与世界各国的犹太人的文化交流与经贸合作     

“外儒内法”之再辩正——以明代的法律实践为中心的考察

我国封建王朝的法律实践,无论是立法,还是司法,都体现了依礼制法、以礼入法、以法护礼、以法行礼的原则与精神。明代的立法和司法两方面的法律实践都证明,"礼"是明朝统治者统治的最高准则与核心,从而进一步证明了我国封建王朝的统治是"外儒内儒",而非学界一向认为的"外儒内法"。     

中小民营高新技术企业人才流动状况研究

通过问卷调查的方式,对广州天河科技园园区内高新技术企业人才流入的来源、方式和原因,人才流出状况与原因,人才流动过程中存在的主要障碍等问题进行调查分析,提出了完善高新技术园区内人才市场、企业自身管理、加强法制建设、树立全面和长期的人才观、优化人才环境的对策。     

Trends in the urbanization process in Central America in the 1980's

In the 1980s, urbanization in Central America was increasing compared to the three previous decades. By 1990, the urban population reached 42% in Guatemala, 44% in El Salvador, 43% in Honduras, 59% in Nicaragua, 53% in Costa Rica, and 54% in Panama. The urban population increased mostly in the largest cities, in contrast to Latin America, where secondary cities grew fastest. This trend was particularly true in Managua and San Salvador because of the military conflicts. The only exception was Honduras, where the second city underwent stronger growth. The urban population comprised 51.7% women and 48.3% men in Central America. The segregation and polarization of social classes was also increasing because of increased poverty and unemployment during the 1980s. This was partly caused by the increasing privatization of public services, decentralization, and the reinforcement of local governments, which all ensued from the structural readjustment programs of the International Monetary Fund. This neoliberal model of economic development in the short run resulted in increased poverty and unemployment for the urban populations. In 1982, the informal sector represented 29% of the total employment in Central America, and its share reached 40% in Managua and San Salvador. Urban unemployment increased from 2.2% in 1980 to 12% in 1988 in Guatemala; from 8.8% to 13.1% in Honduras; and from 10.4% to 20.8% in Panama. In the political arena, the process of democratization was underway, with civil presidents taking power and promoting privatization and deregulation of the economy. There was a close relationship between the urban social structure, the economy, and politics in the region. In Costa Rica, during the Arias administration between 1986 and 1990, a program was implemented creating 80,000 new homes, and in El Salvador there was an increasing demand to find a negotiated solution to the military conflict. These new political and economic perspectives could lead to genuine popular participation in solving urban problems.     

Social Competence with Peers in Third Grade: Associations with Earlier Peer Experiences in Childcare1

The early developmental antecedents of individual differences in children's social functioning with peers in third grade were examined using longitudinal data from the large‐scale National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) study of early child care. In a sample of 1,364 children, with family and child factors controlled, the frequency of positive and negative peer interactions in childcare between 24 and 54 months and the number of hours spent in childcare peer groups of different sizes (alone, dyad, small, medium, large) predicted third graders' peer competence at three levels of analysis: individual social skills, dyadic friendships, and peer‐group acceptance. Children who had more positive experiences with peers in childcare had better social and communicative skills with peers in third grade, were more sociable and co‐operative and less aggressive, had more close friends, and were more accepted and popular. Children with more frequent negative experiences with peers in childcare were more aggressive in third grade, had lower social and communicative skills, and reported having fewer friends. When children spent more time in small‐sized peer groups in childcare (four or fewer children at 24 months of age up to seven or fewer at 54 months), they were more sociable and co‐operative in third grade, but their teachers rated them as more aggressive, suggesting that such children may be more socially outgoing and active both positively and negatively. Like those who spent more time in small peer groups, children who spent more hours in medium‐sized groups received higher ratings for peer aggression by their third‐grade teachers. Children who spent more time with one other child in childcare or in small peer groups had fewer classroom friends in third grade as reported by the teacher but not according to maternal report or self‐report. There were no significant associations between the amount of time children spent in large childcare‐based peer groups and third‐grade peer social competence.     

对宗教组织之信任的探索性研究——以上海数据为例

本文利用上海市的调查数据,从宗教归属、人口学变量、社会经济地位因素、社会信任、社会参与和其他机构信任等方面对宗教组织信任进行分析,了解人们对宗教组织信任的现状及影响因素,并对相关的研究进行回应。结果显示,与对其它机构的信任相比,民众对宗教组织的信任处于一个较低水平;宗教归属、社会信任、组织参与和对世俗机构的信任对宗教组织信任的影响最大;阶层、社会参与也有一定的影响;性别、年龄、受教育程度和政治面貌等无影响。     

坚持以改革创新精神加强党的建设不断提高党的自身现代化建设水平

党的十七大报告提出:"党要站在时代前列带领人民不断开创事业发展新局面,必须以改革创新精神加强自身建设,始终成为中国特色社会主义事业的坚强领导核心",这就要求我们坚持以改革创新精神加强党的建设,不断推进党的自身建设的现代化。我们党作为社会经济政治发展的产物,作为国家政治上层建筑的重要组成部分,自身建设必须伴随时代发展和社会进步而改革创新,始终做到与时俱进,这是市场经济发展的必然要求,是公民社会兴起的本质要求,是高新科技革命的迫切要求,是革除自身弊端的内在要求,是跻身国际社会的客观要求。这就要求我们必须积极推进党的建设的改革创新,通过加快理论和观念创新、推进体制和制度改革、突出机制和程序制约、促进载体和措施更新,进一步提高党的主体素质和改革党的领导体制、执政方式、运作机制,努力实现党的意识形态科学化、队伍素质时代化、运行机制民主化和执政方式法制化,不断推进党的自身建设现代化水平,始终保持反映时代特征的先进性,更好地肩负起领导人民当家作主的执政使命。     

Social etiology of violence against women in India

Religion, customs, age-old prejudices, etc. have put Indian women in a subservient and exploitable position in many domains of life. Low rates of participation in education, lack of economic independence, value biases operating against them, etc., have resulted in the women being dependent on men folk and other institutions of authority like the family, neighborhood and the society. They are usually ignorant of their rights and even if they are not, they do not have easy access to justice.The issues related to women are being raised and discussed in various fora, in the recent times. Of these, ‘violence against women’ is gaining more and more support and recognition, the world over. But despite the enactment of laws, formulation of reformative legal processes, provision of legal aid to the needy, extensive use of the provision of Public Interest Litigation, conduct of Family Courts, Women/Family counseling centers, etc., women in India have a long way to go in concretizing their Constitutional Goals into reality.The problem has to be visualized in a wider context and cannot be viewed in isolation from the status of women in the society. Legislation alone cannot by itself solve deep-rooted social problems; one has to approach them in other ways too. Therefore, what is required is not only a strong legal support network but also opportunities for economic independence, essential education and awareness, alternative accommodation and a change in attitude and mindset of society, judiciary, legislature, executive, men and the most important, woman herself. Restructuring society in terms of power and role relationship while emphasizing the egalitarian values is the need of the day.     

Human Capital Attainment and Gender Empowerment: The Kerala Paradox*

Objectives. The State of Kerala in southwestern India shows the highest gender development index in the country. Despite having the highest literacy rate and educational achievements of women, the suicide rate among females is very high, and domestic violence committed against women is increasing every year in Kerala. This article attempts to analyze the demographic, social, and cultural changes that are occurring in order to understand this apparent paradox of high human capital attainment and high violence and suicides experienced by women in Kerala. Methods. The study uses data from the Census of India (1991, 2001) , National Crime Records Bureau (1998–2000), and Reproductive and Child Health ( District Level House Hold Survey—2001 ) to analyze trends in crime, violence, and suicide rates, and demographic profiles of the different districts in Kerala. Results. High educational attainment has fostered new aspirations and attitudes among women in Kerala. Yet, societal and cultural norms still dictate that women should be subservient to men both at home and in the labor market. This imbalance often contributes to family violence and suicides in Kerala. Thus, beneath the veil of development lie some disturbing social, cultural, and economic issues that may be contributing to high rates of suicide and family violence in Kerala. Conclusions. This study demonstrates that high educational attainment alone will not promote gender empowerment unless the social and cultural fabric of a country or state ensures equality of women in all areas of life.     

Accurate Understanding of China’s Income,Consumption and Investment

Abstract

This study elaborates on the differences between resident disposable income in the flow of funds table and in the household survey; between household consumption in expenditure-based GDP and in the household survey; and between gross fixed capital formation in expenditure-based GDP and total fixed asset investment in the whole country as shown in investment statistics, from the point of view of their basic concepts and purposes, scope of specifications, data sources, calculation methods and data presentation. We show that the household survey somewhat underestimates household income and consumption, while investment statistics somewhat overestimate total investment in fixed assets. This does not, however, directly affect the accurate understanding of such major economic structures as the structure of the distribution of Chinese nationals’ disposable income among households, enterprises and government, the structure of final demand, etc.     

Accurate Understanding of China＇s Income,Consumption and Investment

从基本概念、基本用途、口径范围、资料来源和计算方法、数据表现等方面阐述资金流量表中的居民可支配收入与住户调查中的居民可支配收入之间的区别，支出法GDP中的居民消费与住户调查中的居民消费之间的区别，以及支出法GDP中的固定资本形成总额与投资统计中的全社会固定资产投资之间的区别，可以揭示出，住户调查中的居民收入和居民消费数据存在一定程度的低估，投资统计中的全社会固定资产投资数据存在一定程度的高估，但并没有直接影响到对中国国民可支配收入在居民、企业、政府三者之间的分配结构和最终需求结构等重大经济结构的准确判断。     

An Analysis of Changes in the Chinese Family Structure between Urban and Rural Areas： On the Basis of the 2010 National Census Data

2000年以来中国家庭结构变动表现为：核心家庭比例明显下降,单人户显著上升,直系家庭没有降低反而略有增加。城乡家庭结构变动有别：城市核心家庭构成缩小,单人户明显增加,直系家庭稍有降低;农村核心家庭构成降幅较大,单人户提高,直系家庭上升。城乡二级家庭结构变动也不尽相同。人口流动、子女数量、人口老龄化、婚姻和住房情况对家庭结构及其变动有显著影响。在家庭结构小型化为主导的时代,政府及社会组织应加强以家庭为目标的公共服务建设;改进户籍制度,减少劳动者与其家庭成员的地域分割;为增进和改善家庭代际关系创造条件。。