再分配与幸福感阶层差异的变迁(2005-2013)

本文利用两期CGSS的调查数据，比较分析了2005年和2013年不同社会阶层的幸福感差异，并尝试从国家再分配能力变化的视角探讨其原因。首先，通过年度比较发现，所有职业阶层的主观幸福感皆有提升，但由于测量问题，需谨慎对待这一结论。其次，同一年度内不同职业阶层间的幸福感差异可以被收入变量和教育变量所解释。再次，中下阶层，尤其是农民和无业下岗阶层的幸福感上升幅度远大于中上阶层（管理者和专业人员阶层）。然后，用分层线性模型（HLM）分析发现，这一阶层差异变迁和国家近十年在财政汲取和再分配水平上的提升有关。在2005年较低的宏观税负和再分配水平下，其增长更有利于提升较高收入群体的幸福感，但在2013年较高的水平下，宏观税负和再分配水平的增长对不同收入群体的幸福感无差异化影响。这些结果说明中国社会结构变迁可能进入了一个新的阶段，再分配力量对人们生活机遇和福祉的影响日益凸显。     

Welfare attitudes and social class: the case of Hong Kong in comparative perspective

Based on a survey of Hong Kong residents, this article explores the attitudes towards the welfare state and whether or not there are significant differences between different social classes with regard to their approval of the welfare state. The findings were then compared with those for Sweden and the USA. The study shows that Hong Kong residents strongly approve of the welfare state. The strength of their support is similar to that in Sweden and is far stronger than in the USA. In Hong Kong, the influence of social class on attitudes towards the welfare state is negligible. In some cases, the privileged classes expressed greater approval for the welfare state than the underprivileged classes. This is in striking contrast to the experiences in Sweden and the USA where the underprivileged classes are more supportive of the welfare state than are the privileged classes.     

Western European welfare states in the 20th century: convergences and divergences in a long-run perspective

The study investigates the welfare systems in Western Europe in the course of the so-called 'short 20th century' (1918–1990) from a long-term comparative perspective and focusing on the convergent versus divergent features of development. Various indicators examined show that in terms of relative level of welfare expenditures, features of welfare institutions and social rights, there were significant differences between Western European countries in the first half of the 20th century, but diversity significantly decreased by the 1950s, and the tendency of convergence continued steadily in the next two decades. Subsequently, changes in variation between countries from the 1970s onwards displayed a somewhat less clear-cut pattern, but in several areas the convergence continued. As a result, in 1990 the differences between the Western European countries can be regarded as less significant in that respect than in the middle and especially at the beginning of the 20th century.     

Value change: Analyzing national change in citizen secularism across four time periods in the World Values Survey

Convergence or divergence are two plausible but different views on how local cultures respond to the forces of globalization. In the present study, a newly formulated value dimension of secularism was used to investigate the direction of value change induced in members of national groups over the last two decades by the forward march of recent history. A culturally equivalent but single dimension of secularism was extracted from the items tapping the two dimensions of value originally proposed by Inglehart (1997) in the World Values Survey. No evidence of convergence or divergence in secularism was found, as there were no significant differences in standard deviations of citizen scores on secularism across any of the six time periods across which the World Values Survey was administered on the four occasions to date. In addition, there was evidence, though it was not consistent, showing that people across the planet are becoming more secular. Furthermore, a consistently significant relationship between change in HDI (Human Development Index) and change in secularism could not be consistently found for countries, suggesting that cultural value change is not determined by social-economic development. However, the secularism of a country's citizens was found to moderate the impact of social development on secular change during certain recent time period, such that only citizens in initially more secular countries increased their secularism. Future research agendas were proposed in light of these findings.     

Regional Aspects in Raising the Population's Living Standard

The gradual elimination of socioeconomic differences between two friendly, nonantagonistic classes, as well as between strata, social population groups, and regions of the nation, is a characteristic feature of developed socialist society. A great diversity of ways and means are being used to this end: the distribution of capital investments between branches of social production, between the productive and nonproductive spheres of the economy, and between economic regions; the distribution and utilization of social consumption funds; the further improvement of the organization of wages; etc.     

The EU integration process and the convergence of social protection benefits at national level

The essential objective of this article is to measure and interpret the degree of convergence of social protection benefits in European Union member states as the process of European integration has progressed. In this sense, the article analyses the potential role of per capita income and of the socio-demographic characteristics of the population as explanatory variables for the levels of social protection provision in European countries. The empirical study focuses on the period from 1985 to 1999, and investigates whether differences in welfare provision levels decreased as European integration progressed, in line with the convergence in economic and socio-demographic variables between member states.     

Dimensions of Structural Disadvantage: A Latent Class Analysis of a Neighborhood Measure in Child Welfare Data

ABSTRACT

Contextual constructs, such as neighborhood structure, may contribute to child welfare involvement. Secondary data analysis is used with the nationally representative, longitudinal National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being-II (N = 5,872). This study employs latent class analysis (LCA) to identify the number of classes needed to explain the distribution of caregiver responses on the Community Environment Scale. LCA is ideal for this study to identify meaningful groups of caregivers involved with child welfare using neighborhood risk factors. Three latent classes are identified: high social order/medium social capital; high social order/low social capital; low social order/low social capital. Multinomial logistic regression tests whether there are significant differences across the classes, partially validating the LCA that poor, minority caregivers live in neighborhoods with lower social order and capital. Understanding neighborhoods as “high” versus “low” risk may not fully illuminate contextual risk factors in order to develop neighborhood-based interventions. This study reveals that there is a third group of caregivers who reside in places with higher social order but lower social capital. Social capital might be an important factor in preventing child maltreatment. Future work is needed to understand additional individual and neighborhood characteristics that predict membership in each class.     

European Welfare Futures: The Views of Key Influentials in Six European Countries on Likely Developments in Social Policy

The welfare state, having reached maturity in most European countries, faces challenges from economic, social and political developments. Some studies argue that common pressures are likely to evoke similar responses; others suggest that the differences between welfare regimes both permit and require different policies. It is also suggested that the single European market will require convergence in tax regimes, social provision and entitlements to ensure fairer competition and to prevent "social dumping". Analysis of data from a survey of politicians, representatives of business, trade unions, civil servants and others shows some convergence in the recognition of problems in welfare policy and in ideas about finance. However, debate about the response to similar issues often differs, according to the detail of institutional structure and the pattern of interests it produces.     

The Distribution of Public Social Expenditure in Spain: A General Analysis with Special Reference to Age and Social Class

This paper attempts, first, a general analysis of the distributive incidence of social expenditure (both in cash and in kind) in Spain, within a framework of partial equilibrium. Second, the analysis isolates the redistributive effects caused by age differences from those caused by differences between social groups. Within the area of the latter, the type of redistribution that occurs is examined as well as the point to which the middle classes are privileged recipients of public social spending. In these analyses decomposable indices of generalized entropy are used. The data used for verifying the hypotheses are taken from the European Community Household Panel microdata (1995 wave).     

Social Work Education as Professional Socialization

Abstract

Professional socialization in social work is the subject of the panel study described in this article. It focuses upon the impact of different social work education programs upon the professional preferences of students in the United States and Israel. The findings indicate that significant change with regard to some of the variables did occur between the beginning and completion of studies. This generally took the form of a declinein preferences though a number of cross-culture differences were observed. The implications of the findings for the issue of professional socialization in social work are discussed.     

Including informal economy workers in contributory social protection: Current challenges in Latin America

Owing to a favourable economic situation and to national labour market and social protection policy reforms, Latin America has witnessed significant progress in social protection coverage. Some countries, however, have seen weaker progress, with stagnant coverage levels. Several factors underlie the extension of pensions and health care coverage and the formalization of the labour market: substantial improvements in the quality of employment, more flexible eligibility criteria for contributory coverage, and the strengthening of the supervisory and regulatory roles of the State. This article first addresses the link between social protection and informality in Latin America to show the relationship between informal labour markets, the lack of social protection and the scale of unpaid contributions. Also highlighted is regional progress in extending social protection as a result of labour market formalization. Countries in the region have used various policies to encourage formalization and these have also helped to reduce wage inequalities, since formalization has had especially beneficial effects on low‐income sectors. Finally, we discuss dichotomous views on social protection financing in the region that tend to place contributory and non‐contributory financing in opposition to one another but do so in favour of the latter, tend to support proposals for limited coverage, and which do not challenge the stratification of access to social protection. The move towards a convergence of benefits is deemed essential: strategies to universalize social protection in the region should not focus exclusively on increasing resources, but must address institutional change as a crucial part of the locus of innovation.     

“NO YOBBOS HERE”: EDUCATION AS A VEHICLE FOR SOCIAL CLASS TRANSITION

Five people, after spending their early adult lives working as tradespersons, set about achieving a major identity change. These people are now or have recently been practising academics in Australian universities. This article encompasses their recollections of experiences during a major period of that change; undergraduate teacher education. This was a time when they were confronted by an alternative social class that both confronted their working class identities and offered them alternatives. The following discussion reviews their move from a working class culture to, what is essentially, a middle class work environment, considering the assistance they received and the hurdles they encountered on the way. In tracing this transition, some of the status and cultural differences that distinguish Australian social classes are highlighted.     

社会服务供给集约化发展思路探索

针对我国目前社会服务供给主体发展现状和社会服务供给特性,结合市场集中度和集约化管理理论,分析我国社会服务供给主体存在的主要问题,论述社会服务供给市场集中度与社会服务供给集约化的关系,提出通过降低准入门槛、鼓励主体竞合、强化规模运营、培育大型主体、理顺主体关系、完善竞争机制及优化市场结构等策略与措施,来推动社会服务供给集约化管理。     

学校环境与学生成绩的性别差异

近几十年来,随着女生受教育权利越来越得到重视,男女生在受教育机会方面趋于平等,但学校中却出现了男生平均成绩相比女生普遍偏低的现象,学生学习成绩的性别差异越来越明显。本文采用学校固定效应模型,分析不同的班级环境对学生学习成绩造成的影响及其性别差异。研究结果显示,男生学习成绩落后的现象多存在于学习环境相对较差的学校。进一步加入中间变量,初步探析其形成机制后发现,在较差的学校中,男生容易在同伴群体中形成反学校的认知、态度和行为,女生则较少受到这种影响,因而容易造成学习成绩上的性别差异。     

Learning to play chess: How to make sense of a politics of representation with people in poverty

Despite the growing involvement of people in poverty in social policy, their participation does not necessarily take place on a par with policymakers, as the latter often do not really embrace their demands for social justice. It is, therefore, argued that social work has a role to play in the process of merging knowledge of people in poverty with that of policymakers and other stakeholders by representing their perspectives in public debate. By drawing on an in‐depth qualitative research of five “Associations where People in Poverty Raise their Voice” (Belgium), the complexity of the direct participation of people in poverty in such a politics of representation is analyzed, as well as the different roles social work practitioners can take on in dealing with this complexity. Here, two roles are distinguished: “a guardian of collective and transformative elements”; and “a strategical chess player.” We conclude that practitioners need to reflect critically on participatory premises and practices and consider whether these strategies actually contribute to societal change. However, the ideal of parity of participation entails that such strategic considerations should always be collaboratively discussed with people in poverty.     

On the convergence of social protection systems in the European Union

Member States of the European Union are autonomous when it comes to the design of their social protection systems. However, they are committed by a recommendation accepted by the European Council addressing the convergence of social protection objectives and policies. Besides, convergence of social protection systems is expected to come about as a result of economic integration. In this paper we examine whether such convergence has occurred during the past decades, using data on replacement rates and social expenditure ratios. We find a rather strong trend of relative convergence and, only during the past two decades, an absolute convergence of social indicators in the EU. But there are only weak signs that these trends are the result of European integration.     

构建和谐社会思想对社会认识的深化

从三位一体到四位一体的转变其新意主要在于,增添了关于社会建设和社会和谐的内容,而这里所说的社会是狭义的。马克思主义的唯物史观属于广义的社会观;而社会学作为一门具体的社会科学则属于狭义的社会观。二者之间作为人类认识社会的不同角度或方式,有区别也可以互补。从广义的社会观向狭义的社会观转变是对社会认识的深化,在理论上还有许多工作要做:首先,马克思和恩格斯在狭义上使用社会概念,具体地分析社会问题的思想需要挖掘;其次,西方社会学研究社会问题的行之有效的方法和技术需要吸收;再者,中国共产党建设革命根据地,特别是在全国执政50多年的经验教训需要总结。     

家庭、工作、金钱与道德:中国代际间的价值观差异

中国快速的社会变迁从哪些方面折射出代际间在价值观上的差异？本研究将定量与定性研究方法相结合,探     

“撤点并校”、家庭背景与入学机会

本研究旨在探究在“撤点并校”的政策调整下,家庭背景是如何影响子女的教育获得机会的。本文利用“中国家庭追踪调查”（CFPS）2010年到2012年追踪个案的数据,通过对农村学生小学至初中毕业升学历程的回溯,建立基于Cox比例风险模型的“辍学模型”和基于Logistic模型和线性概率模型的“升学模型”,发现家庭背景始终是影响子女教育机会的重要因素。在“撤点并校”刚开始执行的年份,农村学生在义务教育阶段的辍学风险反而有所降低,家庭背景在“撤点并校”后对于子女的入学几率起到更为重要的作用。本文认为,这一政策使得农村家庭在教育上“主动投入”,而这种家庭层面对于政策的回应使政策的影响效果被削弱或者推迟,从宏观上观察到的家庭背景在教育层面上的再生产机制是每个家庭在制度驱动下做出选择的结果。     

社会转型中的象征二元结构:以农民工群体为中心的微观权力分析

关于中国社会结构转型需要从微观和象征的角度予以理解。从“象征社会”的分析视角看,城市社会中的一系列媒介信息与象征标记往往成为社会身份的分类工具与生产机制。随着城乡社会流动的增加,农民工群体所承载的诸多象征标记使城乡界线由“城乡之间”移入“城市之中”,进而凸显出“城市中的城乡二元结构”。这种社会结构常常是文化性的、隐秘的,可用“象征二元结构”概括之。“象征二元结构”意为表达不同群体社会身份的象征系统及其运作呈现出二元对立或两极趋势,它彰显了不同群体在身份、地位、声望等方面的二分化与不平等。“象征二元结构”所包含的“问题化农村”与“梦想化城市”的逻辑成为国家建构现代性形象的手段与策略,以弥合“客观现代性”与“表达现代性”的距离。