Is Cash Dividend Policy a Tool for Tunneling or Masking Expropriations?——Empirical Evidence from Chinese Listed Companies

本文利用我国2004～2008年上市公司平衡面板数据检验终极控制股东与现金股利之间的关系.研究发现,在其他条件相同的情况下,现金流量权与现金股利支付水平显著负相关;控制权和现金流量权分离度与现金股利支行水平显著正相关.这表明终极控制股东并不是把现金股利作为“掏空”的工具,而是把现金股利作为掩饰“掏空”的面具.     

所有权安排对大股东控制权私利的影响研究

尽管所有权安排将通过所有权的性质、控制方式和结构比例等主要特征影响大股东控制权私利的攫取行为,但在不同国别和公共治理模式下却存在着利益目标抉择和诉求的相对差异。本文结合分级履行出资人职责的制度背景下,中央和地方国资委分别掌握上市公司终极控制权的基本特征,着重从所有权的控制方式和结构比例两方面阐释了我国上市公司大股东攫取控制权私利的动机、能力和实际效果差异。本文的研究结论将为股权分置改革和国有资产管理中配套法规的建立提供经验依据。     

终极所有权结构对资本结构选择的影响——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

本文使用中国非金融上市公司截面数据,应用一系列OLS实证检验终极所有权结构对资本结构选择的影响。研究发现,终极所有权结构确实影响资本结构选择。具体而言:(1)现金流量权与债务水平正相关;(2)控制权与债务水平负相关;(3)控制权和现金流量权的分离度与债务水平负相关;(4)控制权超过现金流量权的公司具有显著低的债务水平;(5)终极控制股东是国有公司的债务水平显著低于终极控制股东是民营等非国有的公司;(6)董事会成员中终极控制股东派出的董事越多的公司具有相对多的债务水平。本文提供的经验证据支持这样的论点——在控制权超过现金流量权的情况下,终极控制股东会利用手中的控制权"掏空"上市公司,股权融资偏好和减少债务融资以摆脱对"隧道"行为约束的效应明显。     

终极控股股东超额控制与现金持有量价值的实证研究

文章以我国资本市场2002年非金融类A股公司为样本,实证研究了终极控股股东控制权与现金流权分离对公司现金持有量水平及其市场价值的影响.研究结果发现:(1)当终极控股股东为国有股东时,控制权/现金流权系数与现金持有量水平显著正相关;而当终极控股股东为非国有股东时,控制权/现金流权系数与现金持有量水平虽然正相关,但不能通过显著性检验.表明在两权分离的情况下,国有终极控股股东对高现金持有量水平具有较高的偏好;(2)当终极控股股东为国有股东,且其控制权与现金流权存在分离时,现金持有量的价值为0.769元;而当终极控股股东控制权与现金流权不存在分离或虽存在分离但终极控股股东为非国有股东时,现金持有量的价值为1.206元.从而表明在两权分离的情况下,国有终极控股股东对高现金持有量水平的偏好是一种控股股东利益侵占动机.     

终极控制权、现金流量权与企业价值——基于隐性终极控制论的中国上市公司治理实证研究

在探寻上市公司“终极控制权”的基础上,分析具有隐性终极控制权的上市公司中的终极控制股东的控制权、现金流量权对公司绩效和价值的影响程度,进而度量隐性终极控制股东对于中小投资者利益的影响.实证结果表明我国上市公司普遍存在隐性终极控制股东,并通过金字塔结构等方式使其终极控制权与现金流量权产生偏离,且偏离幅度与上市公司的市场价值负相关,不同类型的终极控制股东控制的公司有显著差异.     

最终控制、权力制衡和公司价值研究

本文基于最终产权的观点,追溯我国上市公司的控制链,研究发现我国大多数的上市公司的投票权和现金流量权并没有发生分离.考虑权力制衡对公司价值的影响,发现当控股股东的控制力和其现金流量权分离越大时,公司价值越低.股权制衡和控制权竞争程度越高时,公司价值越高.说明在目前我国对小股东保护不完善的情况下,合理安排股权和控制权结构非常重要.     

Ownership Identity and Concentration: A Study of their Joint Impact on Corporate Diversification

This paper examines the impact of ownership on product and international diversification. While ownership concentration has received considerable attention from agency theorists we argue that a more nuanced analysis is necessary. We consider how the identity of owners moderates the impact of ownership concentration on diversification strategies. We develop a framework that explains how the combination of different motivations, resources and capabilities associated with different types of owners results in significantly variable relationships between ownership concentration and both product and international diversification. From a theoretical perspective this suggests a social contextualization and extension of the agency theoretic approach that characterizes the field. Based on a study of 222 European firms between 1994 and 2007 we show that family ownership concentration has a positive impact on product and a negative impact on international diversification while the impact of institutional and state ownership concentration is negative on product diversification and positive on international diversification compared with family ownership. This is the first study to provide a comprehensive framework explaining how ownership concentration and identity interact and affect both international and product diversification.     

终极控制人、金字塔控制与控股股东的"掏空"行为研究

以我国上市公司2004～2007年相关数据为基础,从终极控制人的股权属性、金字塔控制结构、控制权和现金流权的分离3个维度对上市公司纵向股权结构与控股股东的“掏空”行为进行了实证研究。结果发现：中央政府控制的上市公司被控股股东“掏空”的总程度最小,地方政府和自然人控制的上市公司被控股股东“掏空”的总程度没有显著差异;政府控制的控股股东更多地通过生产性经营来“掏空”上市公司,自然人控制的股东则更多地通过非经营性方式来“掏空”上市公司;自然人对上市公司的金字塔控制层级越多,控制权和现金流权的分离程度越大,控股股东对上市公司的“掏空”行为越严重;在中央政府控制的上市公司中,金字塔控制层级越少,控制股东的“掏空”行为越严重,控制权和现金流权有分离的上市公司被控股股东占用的资金高于控制权和现金流权没有分离的公司。     

Ownership and Control in Closely‐held Family‐owned Firms: An Exploration of Strategic and Operational Control

Much of the existing research into the divorce of ownership and control either focuses on the propensity for the separation of decision functions or upon scrutinizing conceptions, gauges or the practicalities of organizational control in large corporations. Although far from equivocal, such research appears broadly to concur that where ownership is dispersed, de facto control is likely to be exerted by management and that where ownership is closely‐held, de facto as well as legal control is exerted by owners. This study examines this assumption through exploring the nature of control in a closely‐held family firm. In this regard, the focus of this study is not on consequences of divorced ownership and control but rather on exploring the contingencies where ownership and control diverge. This research reveals a case wherein a closely‐held family firm is strategically and operationally controlled by its managers. Case research leads to the development of a range of insights regarding the owner/family and the management characteristics that contribute to this scenario. The paper concludes with a series of implications and conclusions.     

When Financial Intermediaries are Corporate Owners: An Agency Model of Institutional Ownership

Increasingly, the equity investments of individual investors are being channeled through financial institutions. This article posits that the role of institutional owners as financial intermediaries, and the resulting complexity that institutions bring to ownership, distinguish institutional ownership from individual ownership. I develop a model of institutional ownership, referred to as the nexus agency model (NAM), which reflects this complexity. The model provides a framework for identifying the potential additional agency costs to beneficial owners that are associated with owning via financial institutions. The degree to which owning via institutions benefits individual owners depends on the adequacy of the legal and regulatory environment and governance mechanisms in protecting individual owners' interests. The applicability of the nexus model to different institutional owner types is then demonstrated in a discussion of U.S. public and private pension plans and mutual funds, leading to the generation of a NAM-based research agenda for each type and across the types. The article ends with discussion of the model's applicability to non-U.S. institutional environments.     

Editorial

In this paper we want to investigate the impact of company owners on the low percentage of women on management boards and whether they are attempting to increase this percentage. After analysing whether ownership concentration influences the number of women on management boards we distinguish between different types of owners. We find that ownership concentration has no effect on the presence of women on German management boards, we show however that institutional and individual owners have a significantly positive effect. Classifying institutional owners into national and foreign owners illustrates that foreign investors are the primary driver of the positive effect within the class of institutional owners; the presence of national investors that are strongly influenced by the national banking system does not show any effect. Our analyses are based on 15,976 management board member positions from 2000 to 2007 in approximately 600 German-listed companies.     

民营上市公司实际控制人与现金股利研究

实际控制人对上市公司的现金股利分配具有重要影响。本文以2004-2006年沪深证券交易所的民营上市公司为样本,对实际控制人与现金股利之间的关系进行了实证研究。研究结果证实,实际控制人通过IPO的方式获得上市公司的控制权同现金股利显著正相关,控制权与现金流权同现金股利显著正相关,控制权与现金流权发生分离和采用金字塔控制方式同现金股利显著负相关。而且,与通过非IPO的方式获得上市公司控制权的实际控制人相比,通过IPO的方式获得上市公司控制权的实际控制人其控制权与现金流权对现金股利的影响更加显著,控制权与现金流权发生分离和控制方式为金字塔时发放的现金股利更多。     

PLATFORM OWNERSHIP

We develop a theoretical framework of trade on a platform on which buyers and sellers interact, and compare the impact of different platform ownership structures. If two‐sided network effects are strong, monopoly ownership induces more trade than dispersed ownership and is therefore socially preferable. Independent of the strength of network effects, monopoly ownership dominates a club‐like ownership structure where incumbent owners can exclude potential entrants. Under dispersed ownership, vertical integration tends to increase welfare as it allows the internalization of demand externalities. Allowing incumbent platform owners to exclude potential entrants hurts buyers but can raise welfare. (JEL: L10, D40)     

实际控制人政治身份降低债权人对会计信息的依赖吗——基于自我约束型治理视角的解释和实证检验

文章实证分析了民营上市公司实际控制人政治身份对会计信息债务契约有用性的替代效应,发现实际控制人政治身份降低了会计信息债务契约有用性,而且该效应随政治身份级别提高而加强;本文以上市公司违规概率、债务违约概率、审计意见严格程度以及操控性应计水平作为企业声誉及财务报告质量的替代,发现实际控制人具有政治身份、以及较高级别政治身份的公司,其声誉更好、财务报告质量相对更高;研究还发现,更具有关系资源优势的政府任职及金融机构任职背景没有降低债权人对于会计信息的依赖,具备上述优势的企业其违规、债务违约指标也没有得到改善.实际控制人政治身份对于会计信息债务契约有用性的替代效应,不是由于政治施压直接影响银行贷款决策,而是由于出于维护政治声誉和竞争优势目的的自我约束型治理,降低了债务契约风险.     

公司内部控制权的配置状态、寻租主体及治理机制分析

文章深入分析了作为公司治理效率基础的内部控制权配置,不仅考虑到了股东的投票权及其顺延的控制权特征,还注意到了人力资本带来的控制权。在此基础上总体考察股东、董事会和经理层的控制权配置状态及权力主体之间的关系,然后依据董事会层面控制状态的不同,分类剖析不同控制权配置模式的寻租主体和重要的治理机制,以期对公司控制权配置状况与治理机制之间的关系做较深入的诠释,为我国公司控制权配置提供一些启示。     

基于控制权私有收益的企业非效率投资行为研究

大、小股东委托代理冲突问题反映在企业的投资决策上就是,大股东为追求控制权私有收益而产生的过度投资和投资不足两种非效率投资行为。本文的研究通过建立模型,将过度投资与投资不足两种非效率投资行为纳入到同一个框架下,探讨了大股东控制条件下的不同控制权配置方式及其企业非效率投资行为。结果表明:基于对控制权私有收益的追求,过度投资和投资不足两种非效率投资行为同时存在于大股东控制条件下的企业投资行为中;绝对控股条件下的企业投资行为,会随着控制性大股东的所有权比例变化而呈现出不同的非效率投资行为的特征;多个大股东相互监督或合谋都会同时缓解过度投资,以及加强投资不足,且合谋对企业非效率投资行为的影响取决于合谋成本的大小。     

One for All and All for One? A New Generation of Co-operatives Emerges

Business owners who traditionally organised their marketing and supply activities through co-operatives are changing their strategic orientation with increased frequency. The result is a “new generation” of co-operatives sweeping through several industries. This article examines how traditional co-operatives differ from the typical investor-owned firm and some of the motivating factors leading to the emergence of the new generation of co-operatives. These new generation co-operatives (NGCs) appear to be organisational hybrids combining aspects of investor ownership and co-operative ownership structures. The article describes differences between the traditional and new generation co-operatives with the objective of providing implications for managers who are faced with the movement toward more entrepreneurial organisations in their industries.     

Ownership structure and investment-cash flow sensitivity

This study investigates the effect of ownership structure on the use of cash flow in financing corporate investments—the investment-cash flow sensitivity—in a concentrated ownership context. Using a sample of 6797 French listed firms from 2000 to 2013, results show that investment-cash flow sensitivity decreases with the cash-flow rights of the controlling shareholder and increases with the separation of its cash-flow and control rights (excess control rights). Firms are, thus, less likely to use cash flow in investments when the interests of controlling shareholders are aligned with those of minority shareholders. However, they appear to use considerable internal funds for their investments when they have severe agency problems, driven by excess control rights of the controlling shareholders. Overall, our findings help advance the understanding of the role of agency relationship in shaping corporate financial policy.     

The impact of family owners’ monitoring on CEO turnover decisions and the role of trust

Even though there is clear evidence that large shareholders play an effective monitoring role over poorly-performing CEOs, the monitoring of family owners is yet quite unexplored. This study investigates the impact of family ownership on the CEO turnover-performance sensitivity, examining two potential factors that can affect the ability of the family owners in ensuring a prompt replacement of an underperforming CEO. First, we examine whether the monitoring of family owners is weakened by the existence of family ties with CEO. Second, we investigate whether the monitoring of family owners over professional CEOs is affected by the cultural propensity to trust or distrust a stranger. Our findings show that family owners are able to ensure a prompt replacement of an underperforming CEO only when the CEO is not a family member but rather an outside professional. Moreover, we find that the effectiveness of the family’s monitoring over professional CEO is weaker in environments characterized by the cultural propensity to distrust a stranger, rather than in contexts characterized by the cultural feeling to trust an outsider.     

终极控制人、负责融资与企业非效率投资

通过对LSV模型的扩展,构建终极控制人对企业投资影响两期静态理论模型,研究终极控制人对企业投资的影响.分析表明,终极控制人在谋取控制权私有收益情况下,"隧道挖掘"成本越小,企业投资者保护程度越差时,终极控制人越易进行过度投资;终极控制人为国有性质的企业比终极控制人为非国有性质的企业更易过度投资;负债融资具有一定的相机治理效应,可提高终极控制人的投资决策点,抑制终极控制人过度投资.