内蒙古额尔古纳市俄罗斯族经济和社会发展调查报告

俄罗斯族是我国人口较少的民族之一,在大兴安岭北麓,额尔古纳河右岸与俄罗斯隔河相望的内蒙古额尔古纳市,有我国惟一的俄罗斯民族乡:恩和俄罗斯民族乡。目前,额尔古纳市有俄罗斯族人口2124人。其中贫困户135户,计468人。西部大开发和国家民委的“兴边富民行动”为边境旗县创造了大好机遇,额尔古纳市充分发挥俄罗斯族的人缘地缘优势,根据俄罗斯族及华俄后裔的特点,积极实现“富民、兴边、强国、睦邻”之发展战略。     

邕宁县顶蛳山遗址葬俗试释

邕宁顶蛳山是目前岭南地区发现墓葬最多的一处新石器时代的遗址遗址。其墓葬流行屈肢葬和奇特罕见的肢解葬 ,是原始先民因特殊的死因而采取的特殊的葬法 ,以期阻止其鬼魂窜出作祟 ,以及对生命永恒和氏族繁衍的追求     

快乐的俄罗斯族人

俄罗斯族是我国五小民族之一,总人口不到15000人(1995年统计资料),主要分布于新疆维吾尔自治区西北部、黑龙江北部和内蒙古自治区东北部的呼伦贝尔盟等地。其族源是从沙皇俄国迁徙而来,属白色人种,操俄罗斯语。2000年10月中旬,“民艺中国行”带领短期跟踪采访的电视台许建军、周涛两位记者,从黑龙江的漠河,自北向南横穿大兴安岭,直抵位于内蒙古自治区额尔古纳市恩和俄罗斯族乡,去寻访人们并不太了解的俄罗斯族。我驾着“切诺基”沿大兴安岭南麓的沙石路面,向西奔驰。这一路段正好是大兴安岭向广漠草原的过渡地带,其变幻着的地貌特征,使人目…     

新疆口头传统文化现状思考

新疆口头传统文化作为各民族历史发展的见证,目前正面临濒危、衰退、消失的困境,亟需国家、政府及广大人民共同努力抢救。本文关注新疆口头传统文化面临的困境,并就如何应对口头传统文化困境提出相关建议,以期对保护和传承新疆口头传统文化起到某些作用。     

中华传统文化的现代价值探析

中华传统文化源远流长、博大精深,具有鲜明的中国特色、革新性和包容性,具有重要的当代价值,传统文化中的核心价值观是社会主义核心价值观的重要历史来源和思想基础,挖掘中华优秀传统文化的当代价值,对于中国特色社会主义现代化建设具有重要的意义.     

回族传统文化中的民族精神探析

本文从四个方面分析、展示了回族传统文化中所蕴含的回回民族的民族精神 ,即回族的爱国主义精神、勤劳勇敢的开拓进取精神、自强不息的拼搏奋进精神和爱好和平、团结一致的民族友好精神 ,对于研究回族民族性格有积极的意义     

大学生德育教育与传统文化关系探析

随着改革开放的深入、社会主义市场经济进一步发展以及国际经济文化全球化,大学生整体的道德素质都有所提高,但同时也存在着道德观念淡薄、道德行为失控等严重现象.这就要求人们努力挖掘传统文化中的美德因素来铸就现代大学生道德品质.     

试论现代化进程中蒙古族传统文化的变迁与保护

现代化进程中,蒙古民族传统文化的变迁是一种必然现象。这是其顺应时代发展的结果;是传统的生产生活方式的改变带来的结果;是蒙古族聚居区人口大量流动的结果。具体表现传统服饰、传统饮食、传统生产方式、宗教信仰等方面。随之衍生出的一系列消极影响,比如,使用蒙古族语言文字的人数在大量减少;蒙古民族的民族特征开始弱化;蒙古民族的一些优良风俗在淡化等等要认真对待。为此,必须要对蒙古族传统文化变迁怎样与现代化顺应的问题进行思考,在增强保护蒙古族传统文化的意识使其发扬光大的基础上,变革蒙古族传统文化使其顺应现代化要求。     

回族的丧葬文化及其人文主义精神

生老病死人类所固有,而丧葬习俗模式的选择则因民族、宗教、地域等诸多因素的不同而异彩纷呈,由此形成的丧葬文化风格迥异,表现出独特的人文色彩。本文就回族的丧葬文化及其人文特色作一粗浅的探讨。     

嬗变中的邦协布朗族婚恋习俗

布朗族源自古老的百濮族群,是云南省一个人口较少的民族。布朗族婚恋习俗历史悠久,源远流长,无论内容还是形式都有鲜明的民族特色。民俗本身是一种传承文化,其婚恋习俗的传承既受大环境如社会发展、时代变革的影响,也受小环境如地域观念、民族心理、生产生活方式的影响。     

(白马)藏族信仰习俗现状调查研究

在田野考察的基础上,本文对(白马)藏族信仰习俗中至今存在的自然崇拜、苯教信仰、中国道教信仰以及"朝格(sprul rgan)"、"杨氏爷"、行业信仰和藏传佛教信仰的状况做了如实清理和描述,并对(白马)藏族的丧葬、民间禁忌以及种种信仰习俗的特点和它们与(白马)藏族整体生活的关系做了必要的探讨.     

略论西藏传统风俗文化的形成与发展

文章通过对地缘、宗教及社会发展等因素的考察,分析了这些因素与西藏传统风俗文化的形成与发展之间所存在的关系,并通过列举相关实例,对上述因素在藏族传统风俗文化的形成和发展中所起到的作用进行了简要的阐述。     

贵州喀斯特墓葬与民族地区的殡葬改革

Funeral and interment reform is a social revolution of changing customs and tradi-tions, which is conducive to promoting the con-struction of the socialist material, spiritual and ec-ological civilization. The replacement of burial with cremation is the direction of China’s reform on fu-neral and interment traditions. The reform itself is put forward by aiming at the disadvantages of the Han people’s traditional burial custom, however, Guizhou is a typical karst region in China, in which several forms of karst burial have existed throughout history, such as cliff coffins, cave tombs, and sarcophagi, and these customs have been continued to some certain degree up to now. Therefore, how to manage the relation between cre-mation and karst burials has a significant meaning to the respect of the ethnic minorities’ customs and promoting the funeral and interment reform in eth-nic regions. The Binzang guanli tiaoli ( Funeral and inter-ment management regulations) issued by the State Council in 1997 stipulates that “ the objective of the funeral and interment management is to carry out cremation, reform burial, save the interment land, abolish undesirable customs related to the fu-nerals and interment actively and methodically, and advocate civilized and thrifty funerary prac-tices”. That is to say, the original intentions for promoting cremation in the funeral and interment reform for many years include the advocating of thrifty funerals, reducing the burden of funerals on the masses, changing the people’s concept of luxu-rious burials, and saving the cost of funeral in the aspect of economy;banishing superstitions, getting rid of bad habits, and opposing the feudal dross in the aspect of culture; and saving resources and protecting limited cultivated land in the aspect of ecology. In general, the abolition of burial and im-plementation of cremation has become the reform direction of China’s funeral and interment system. Guizhou is a typical karst area in China. There are various forms of cliff-burying, rock tombs, sarcophagi, and cave tombs etc. , especial-ly the cave-burial which is still popular among the Waishu Miao at Taohua village in Qibo township, Pingba County and among the Qing Yao at Yaolu village in Libo County, and sarcophagus burial which is still popular among the Li clan of the Waishu Miao at Xinyi village in Guangzhao town-ship, Qinglong County. These structures reflect the karst characteris-tics of Guizhou tombs, and have an important eco-logical value. The funeral and interment reform is put forward by aiming at the drawbacks of the tra-ditional burial practices of the Han, so if the cliff burial or sarcophagus tombs which have ecological value had been forced to be replaced with crema-tion in the funeral and interment reform, it will lead to an embarrassing situation which is contrary to the original intention of the reform no matter if we consider it from cultural, economic or ecologi-cal viewpoints. Firstly, it will cause a dilemma at the cultural level. We must consider the characteristics of the funeral customs of the ethnic groups during the process of reforming the funeral and interment cus-toms in the ethnic minority areas, in other words, respect the funeral customs of ethnic minorities, as it is an important content of the CCP and the state’s policy for respecting the customs and habits of eth-nic minorities. Due to the differences in geograph-ical environment and social economy, the ethnic minorities have different funeral customs with their own characteristics. These funeral customs, as a part of ethnic culture, help to construct a ritual with a kind of ethnic identity;it is the mark of na-tional culture, which embodies ethnic emotions and maintains ethnic consciousness. The ‘univer-sal application’ in the funeral and interment sys-tem reform doubtlessly make the disappearance of karst characteristics in Guizhou’s burial culture, the diversified burial way has been replaced with single cremation, and that is not good for the pro-tection of cultural diversity. Secondly, it will cause an economic dilemma. One of the purposes of the funeral and intermentre-form is to save funeral costs, and change the con-cept of organizing luxury funerals. The traditional burial custom contains a set of complex funeral cer-emony, which is organized in a very luxurious way, spend a lot of money and increase the people’s economic burden. In contrast, cremation can save costs. However in today’s rural areas, af-ter cremation, the ashes are still buried after being put into a coffin, so it not only increases the eco-nomic burden of the people, but also does not meet the purpose for farmland conservation, hence, it is contrary to the original intention of the funeral re-form, and also causes dissatisfaction among the people. Therefore, compared with cremation, sar-cophagus and cave burial which are still popular in Guizhou are actually a more economic practice. Thirdly,it causes an ecological dilemma. The purpose of funeral reform is to save resources and protect the limited farmland. The traditional burial practice uses coffins and pile graves, which wastes wood, occupies farmland, and also pollutes the en-vironment. Therefore, the environmental protection is the premise and ultimate goal of the funeral and interment reform. Cave burial in Guizhou uses the natural caves, and does not occupy farmland; sar-cophagus burial does not use wooden coffins, so both of them belong to ecological burial practices. However, the implementation of cremation in the areas which used to conduct cave or sarcophagus-burials has created an embarrassing situation. Cave burial and sarcophagus tombs in Guizhou karst areas contain rich ecological ideas, which not only have positive social and practical significance for the protection of the ecological en-vironment of the area, but also have an important reference meaning for the promotion of “ecological funeral” or green funeral in China. Different ethnic groups and different areas have different forms of funeral customs, which have their own justifications. Therefore, the Fu-neral and Interment reform should adapt to local conditions, and take into the consideration the characteristics of the karst region in the case of Guizhou, and fully draw on the rational factors of ethnic burial. The present funeral and interment reform can take reference from the following three aspects from the ethnic burial culture of Guizhou:The first is to delimit some appropriate burial zones and maintain properly some burial customs which has ecological value. We advocate various forms of burial in these specific burial zones, for instances, tree burial of the Basha Miao in Con-gjiang country, deep burial of the Chang-clan Yao in Libo county, and sarcophagus tombs of Li-clan Waishu Miao in Qinglong County. These forms of burial with ecological protection value not only play an exemplary role for the ecological protection in ethnic regions, but also will help for the ethnic cultural inheritance. The second is to make full use of the natural characteristics of the karst area, and properly en-courage cave burial which does not take up the cul-tivated land. In this way, not only can the cave burial custom of the Yao in Libo and the Washu Miao in Pingba be kept, but also the cliff burial custom which does not take up the cultivated land could be encouraged among the residents in the karst region. This kind of cliff burial not only re-duces the waste of cultivated land, but also re-stricts the superstitious activities in the funeral. The karst area in Guizhou is very extensive, so it has a unique advantage in conducting cave burial. The funeral and interment reform can take the local conditions into consideration, and play up the ad-vantages of natural environment. Instead of empha-sizing cremation blindly, we should take the cave burial into practice. The third is to convert karst caves into ceme-tery for placing ashes so as to change the tradition-al way of building a cemetery on the hill for placing ashes in the cremation areas. In the karst area, if an area is delimited as a cremation zone, then the burial of body or burial of bone ash coffin should be prohibited. Generally, ashes should be deposi-ted in sepulchral chapels or buried in cemeteries. Although most cemeteries are built on barren hills or land, they still occupy land and waste land re-sources. The use of cement and stone materials creates white pollution. Meanwhile, the construc-tion of cemeteries destroys the mountain and causes soil erosion. Therefore, the cemetery is not the di-rection of the funeral and interment reform in the long run, and also does not meet the original inten-tion of the reform.     

试论维吾尔族丧葬习俗中的生态伦理思想

维吾尔族丧葬习俗是维吾尔族人生礼仪习俗的重要组成部分。在维吾尔族丧葬习俗中蕴涵着丰富的生态伦理思想:爱惜自然、约束和节制一切破坏自然环境的行为、促使人与自然共生共荣、和谐共处等。维吾尔族丧葬习俗中蕴涵的生态伦理思想,不仅对保护所在地区生态环境、节约资源、保护耕地、保护生存者的空间具有积极的社会意义和现实意义,而且对我国当前进行的殡葬改革具有一定的借鉴作用。     

吊簿:姻亲交往秩序的文化图像

本文对山东南部红山峪村①的一份吊簿进行了深入、细致的分析。文章认为,吊簿作为一种民间文献,在人们生活中是为了方便姻亲交往而记录的,其间反映的内容非常之丰富。吊簿不仅展现出在人们观念之中的以死者为中心的亲属网络,而且其本身就是一张姻亲交往秩序的文化图像。它以礼物的价值和指标清晰地体现出联姻家族之间的“亲戚理”——阶序性关系。这种阶序性关系与礼物的内容和经济价值的大小有一个互释的关系,人群与人群之间的关系决定了礼物的价值和流向,反过来,礼物的价值和流向也足以区别人群之间的关系。熟稔村落生活的人根据礼金和实物,基本上可以准确判断出上礼者在死者的亲属序列中的具体位置。     

北方古代游牧民族丧葬祭祀习俗中的宗法特征——北方古代游牧民族宗法文化研究之四

我国西北古代少数民族事死如事生的丧葬礼俗和寓于多神信仰中的祖先崇拜,以及顺天应命的天命观,均反映了一定的宗法特征。     

从“那”字地名和稻作习俗看壮族和泰族的历史文化关系——壮族文化语言学研究系列论文之三

中国壮族和泰国泰族,是自古从事稻作农业生产的民族,壮语和泰语均称水田为"那"(na<'2>),壮族和泰族聚居的乡村有许多带"那""纳"(水田)字地名,构词和含义基本相同;有相近同的稻作农业生产及加工食品词汇并自成体系;有类似的稻作生产传统仪俗和信俗观念.特定的地名在相当的程度上反映着一定的民族的历史和文化,往往为揭开民族来源和历史文化的谜团提供重要的证据.     

维吾尔族的萨满教遗俗

作为原始形态的宗教萨满教,对维吾尔族的社会历史、文化风尚和心理素质等方面产生过巨大的影响,其观念及其习俗遗存至今。