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1.
Christabel Young 《Journal of Population Research》1989,6(1):38-56
This paper compares international population policies with respect to population growth, fertility and immigration, and discusses
current attitudes to the demographic situation in developed countries. Only Canada, the United States and Australia have a
policy of continuing high immigration, and Australia’s migrant intake per head of population is considerably higher than for
the other two countries. An emerging philosophy in Britain and Europe is a focus on “child quality” and the well-being of
a near stationary population, rather than continued population growth. There is also an awareness that immigration is not
a solution to the ageing “problem” and that there are more efficient non-demographic means of coping with an older population. 相似文献
2.
Li Liu 《Social indicators research》2006,75(2):217-240
This study explores the meaning of quality of life (QOL) in China from the perspective of social representations. The data
were collected by open-ended individual interviews with 16 ordinary Chinese people. The study shows that social thinking about
QOL in Chinese society is activated in five critical domains of life: health, family, work, social relations and the natural
environment. Meanwhile, “having” and “being”, the two antinomic, yet dialogical interdependent, interpretive repertoires,
have an overarching generative and normative power over the discourse about QOL. They permeate and underpin the different
domains of life. Dominated by an “economic logic”, the “having” repertoire constructs these life domains through a set of
economic consequences and posits them as resources leading to material possessions. While dominated by an “existential logic”,
the “being” repertoire confesses existential meanings to the same life domains, and emphasises the joy derived from them.
Thereby, it infers that QOL as a social representation is generated from, and organised around, a central thema of “having”
and “being”. 相似文献
3.
Life expectancy, fertility, and educational investment 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Hung-Ju Chen 《Journal of population economics》2010,23(1):37-56
In this study, we develop a model of overlapping generations where adults make decisions on consumption, fertility, and their
personal education. We show that under the assumption of exogenous mortality, there are multiple steady states with club convergence
occurring when mortality is sufficiently high. If mortality is sufficiently low, there will be a unique, stable steady state,
and the economy will converge to a “good” steady state irrespective of where it starts from. Under the assumption of endogenous
mortality with “threshold effects,” we find that club convergence will occur if the threshold is sufficiently high; conversely,
a low threshold can help the economy to steer clear of the underdevelopment trap. 相似文献
4.
We examine pollution in a developing country where fertility is endogenous and wealth increases welfare through status. When
the country has defective environmental laws, it has a comparative advantage in capital-intensive “dirty” goods. Gains from
trade due to trade liberalization then increase income and boost population growth. With strong incentives to save, they also
stimulate investment, which hampers population growth. Because population growth crowds out labor supply, production of capital-intensive
dirty goods first increases and then decreases. This yields a typical environmental Kuznets path: pollution increases at the
earlier stages but decreases at the later stages of development. 相似文献
5.
Lehr CS 《Journal of population economics》1999,12(4):567-590
This paper shows that financial intermediation can influence fertility and labor allocation decisions by raising market wages.
The increase in wages induces some households to abandon “traditional” labor intensive methods of production managed at the
household level and supply labor to “modern” sector firms. Since it is optimal for households in the modern sector to have
fewer children, the labor allocation decision leads to lower national fertility. A panel VAR using financial intermediation,
fertility and industrial employment share data in 87 countries is estimated. The empirical results show that the data are
consistent with the theoretical predictions.
Received: 20 October 1997/Accepted: 31 August 1998 相似文献
6.
Dr. J. Mayone Stycos 《Population and environment》1995,16(3):205-219
Population projections depend on censuses, vital statistics and sample surveys, all of which have deficiencies that are most
marked in the less developed countries (LDCs). Long-range projections by international agencies have recently undergone major
revisions, while forecasts of the U.S. population have changed drastically over the past four years. The United Nations typically
prepares “high,” “medium” and “low” projections. Even the high projection contains optimistic assumptions about fertility
decline, while assumptions of constant or increasing fertility receive no serious attention. The paper suggests that high
and constant fertility projections should receive more attention from policy makers, with medium estimates treated more as
targets achievable only through considerable programmatic effort. At the same time, economic and social plans should be laid
for dealing with the population sizes implied by the “high” variants. 相似文献
7.
Labor supply responses and welfare effects from replacing current tax rules by a flat tax: Empirical evidence from Italy, Norway and Sweden 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
This paper employs a microeconometric framework to examine the labor supply responses and the welfare effects from replacing
current tax systems in Italy, Norway and Sweden by a flat tax on total income. The flat tax rates are determined so that the
tax revenues are equal to the revenues as of 1992. The flat tax rates vary from 23 per cent in Italy, 25 per cent in Norway,
to 29 per cent in Sweden. In all three countries the labor supply responses decline sharply with pre-reform disposable income.
The results show that the efficiency costs of the current tax systems relative to a flat tax may be rather high in Norway
and much lower, but positive, in Italy and Sweden. In all three countries “rich” households – defined by their pre-tax-reform
income – tend to benefit (in terms of welfare) more than “poor” households. In Italy and Sweden a majority will lose from
a shift to a flat tax, while in Norway a majority is predicted to win.
Received: 19 May 1998/Accepted: 02 July 1999 相似文献
8.
Clarissa C. David Jenna Mae L. Atun Antonio G. M. La Vi?a 《Population research and policy review》2012,31(2):297-319
This paper investigates the political framing of population in policy discourse through an analysis of legislative documents.
Semantic network analysis was conducted and results were interpreted through discourse analysis of the typical arguments identified.
Policy texts were classified into three sets: population management, reproductive health and family planning, and anti-abortion
and anti-FP. While the “population management” frame focuses on social and economic consequences of population growth, the
“reproductive health” frame defines the problem from a health perspective. Both policies propose aggressive FP programs but
each frame uses distinct political rhetoric and semantic approach in its arguments. The “anti-abortion and anti-FP” frame
identifies two problems: rise in incidence of abortion and existing policy that prohibit health professionals from refusing
patients information on contraception. By invoking a moral argument and anchoring on rights, these policies challenge the
problem and solutions identified by the first two frames. 相似文献
9.
Richard J. Estes 《Social indicators research》2007,83(3):375-411
“Economies in Transition” (hereafter EIT or EITs) are countries in the process of shifting from “command” to “more open”,
liberalized, free market economic systems. In addition to achieving major structural adjustments to their economies, the transformational
process requires the introduction of a high degree of transparency in both the economic and political spheres of society.
The transfer of state assets to private ownership is one part of the process as well, as is the creation or opening of “political
space” that permits the emergence of private enterprise, multiparty political systems, and the introduction of a broad range
of non-governmental organizations that carry out missions and functions which people themselves prefer to perform. Thus, the
process of economic transformation requires a major socio-political-economic paradigm shift...one that places people and their
needs at the center of the transformational process. The process is extremely difficult to achieve and is fraught with many
dangers for countries that enter into it without substantial guidance from more economically advanced countries.
This paper reports on the social development successes and failures of 31 economies in transition over the 15-year period
1990–2005. Included in the analysis are EITs located in East and South East Asia (N = 5), Central and Eastern Europe (N = 10), all 12 members of the Commonwealth of Independent States including the Russian Federation (N = 12), Turkey (N = 1), and the three Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania (N = 3). Using the author’s extensively pre-tested Weighted Index of Social Progress (WISP), the paper reports data at three
levels of analysis: (1) WISP performances for all 31 EITs-as-a-group; (2) sub-regional performances on the WISP and its component
sub-indexes for each of the six EIT sub-regions included in the analysis; and (3) country-specific performances on the WISP
for each of the 31 countries included in the analysis.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 2006 International Symposium and Lecture Series on Social Policy sponsored
by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and held on the campus of Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China, 24–27 August,
2006. 相似文献
10.
Richard J. Estes 《Social indicators research》2010,98(3):363-402
World social development has arrived at a critical turning point. Economically advanced nations have made significant progress
toward meeting the basic needs of their populations; however, the majority of developing countries have not. Problems of rapid
population growth, failing economies, famine, environmental devastation, majority-minority group conflicts, increasing militarization,
among others, are pushing many developing nations toward the brink of social chaos. This paper focuses on worldwide development
trends for the 40-year period 1970–2009. Particular attention is given to the disparities in development that exist between
the world’s “rich” and “poor” countries as well as the global forces that sustain these disparities. The paper also discusses
more recent positive trends occurring within the world’s “socially least developed countries” (SLDCs), especially those located
in Africa and Asia, in reducing poverty and in promoting improved quality of life for increasing numbers of their populations. 相似文献
11.
Back in 1975, the European Union (EU) Council of Ministers defined the poor as “individuals or families whose resources are
so small as to exclude them from the minimum acceptable way of life of the Member State in which they live”. This widely quoted
definition leaves room for discussion about what can be considered a “minimum acceptable way of life” in different countries
and thus also whether national perceptions of minimum standards vary from one country to the next. The paper explores this
latter issue by exploiting the first EU dataset allowing a comparative analysis of the items which citizens in the different
Member States consider to be necessary for people to have an “acceptable” standard of living in the country where they live.
It assesses the (in)variance of the structure of the perception of social needs between countries on the basis of an extension
of the multidimensional scaling (MDS) method, and shows a high level of congruence between the 27 national patterns. An important
consequence of this result is that it supports the approach which consists of measuring deprivation on the basis of a same
set of (validated) items across all the Member States. 相似文献
12.
The why, when, and how of immigration amnesties 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
This paper deals with granting of an amnesty to illegal immigrants. We consider government behavior with respect to allocations
on limiting infiltration (border control) and apprehending infiltrators (internal control) and with respect to the granting
of amnesties, the timing of amnesties, and limitations on eligibility for those amnesties. We demonstrate the effects of government
actions on allocations and the flow of immigrants, and how the interactions between these factors combine to yield an optimal
amnesty policy. We also consider two extensions—intertemporal transfers of policing funds and “fuzziness” in declarations
regarding eligibility for an amnesty aimed at apprehending and deporting undesirables. 相似文献
13.
Future low fertility prospects in Mongolia? An evaluation of the factors that support having a child
With 2.59 children per woman in 2008, Mongolia appears today as an exception in East Asia where fertility rates are far below
the replacement level. Moreover, from its historical nadir of 1.95 children per women in 2005, fertility is on the rise. This
paper first presents recent fertility development in Mongolia. Second, based on the experiences of European and East Asian
countries, factors contributing to the development of low fertility are discussed in reference to the Mongolian context. Most
of these factors are indeed found in Mongolia and could probably contribute to reducing fertility in the future. However,
the country also presents cultural-family practices and recently-adopted fertility-family incentives which may support and
stabilize fertility rates. These recent fertility-incentives factors and policies adopted by the Government of Mongolia are
discussed in the final part from the perspective of equity, efficiency, and efficacy proposed by McDonald (2006b, “An assessment
of policies that support having children from the perspectives of equity, efficiency and efficacy”, Vienna Yearbook of Population
Research 2006, Special issue on ‘Postponement of childbearing on Europe’, 213–234). The aim is to determine if these measures
are efficient to counterbalance and cancel out the depressing fertility effects. 相似文献
14.
There is an ambiguity in Amartya Sen’s capability approach as to what constitutes an individual’s resources, conversion factors
and valuable functionings. What we here call the “circularity problem” points to the fact that all three concepts seem to
be mutually endogenous and interdependent. To econometrically account for this entanglement we suggest a panel vector autoregression
approach. We analyze the intertemporal interplay of the above factors over a time horizon of 15 years using the BHPS data
set for Great Britain, measuring individual well-being in functionings space with a set of basic functionings, comprising
“being happy”, “being healthy”, “being nourished”, “moving about freely”, “being well-sheltered” and “having satisfying social
relations”. We find that there are indeed functionings that are resources for many other functionings (viz. “being happy”)
while other functionings (“being well-sheltered” and “having satisfying social relations”) are by and large independent, thus
shedding light on a facet of the capability approach that has been neglected so far. 相似文献
15.
Stefani Scherer 《Social indicators research》2009,93(3):527-547
Forms of insecure employment have been increasing all over Europe in recent decades. These developments have been welcomed
by those who argued that these types of flexible employment would not only foster employment but could also help women, in
particular, to positively combine work and family life. This vision was questioned by others who argued that flexible employment
could have negative consequences for both occupational prospects and private and family life since it is often associated
with greater insecurity and poorer working conditions. Relatively little research has been dedicated to the “social consequences”
of insecure employment and its specific implications for work-life reconciliation issues. This paper contributes to this topic
by linking research that addresses work-life conflict to the wider body of work dealing with job insecurity. It investigates
the consequences of certain employment contracts on private and family life, taking into account information on current family
life, future family plans and general well-being. It provides a series of test relating to the extent to which negative consequences
in these areas might be attributable to the type of employment contract and how these vary between European countries. Analysis
using ESS data from 2004 for western European countries confirms that insecure employment is accompanied by more problematic
“social and family” situations. These negative consequences are partly shaped by the specific context provided by the country
in question.
相似文献
Stefani SchererEmail: |
16.
This study was designed to examine the link between values and life satisfaction, examining the role of culture in this process.
Secularism was found to predict life satisfaction scores at a small but statistically very significant level in persons from
all nations participating in all four waves of the World Values Survey. The direction and strength of this relationship was
moderated, however, by the country’s human development index—people in low-HDI countries consistently showed a negative relationship
between secularism and happiness across the four waves of the WVS; people in high-HDI countries initially showed a negative
relationship between secularism and happiness in Waves 1 and 2, but a positive relationship between secularism and happiness
in Waves 3 and 4. These results thus appear to support a “cultural fit” hypothesis consistently for persons in low HDI countries,
and a transition towards a “cultural fit” for persons in HDI countries as data was collected across the four waves. By Wave
4, it is clear that citizens who endorse values consistent with their county’s developmental trajectory are more satisfied
with their lives. This study demonstrates the amenability of the data collected by the World Values Survey to individual-level
analysis of psychological process that is responsive to the shaping influence of variations in their nation’s societal characteristics. 相似文献
17.
This paper summarizes the results of other analyses by the author with regard to the importance of relative cohort size (RCS)
in determining male relative income (the income of young adults relative to prime-age workers) and general patterns of economic
growth, and in turn influencing fertility in the currently more-developed nations. It then goes on to demonstrate that these
same effects appear to have been operating in all of the one hundred-odd nations which have experienced the fertility transition
since 1950. Parameter estimates based on the experience of all 189 countries identified by the United Nations between 1950
and 1995 are used to simulate the effects on fertility of migration from Third to First World countries. This exercise suggests
that we get the best of all possible outcomes with migration: population is reduced in “overcrowded” Third World nations,
total world population growth is substantially reduced, and scores of children are given the opportunity of growing up with
all the educational and health advantages of U.S. residents. 相似文献
18.
Diane-Gabrielle Tremblay 《Social indicators research》2008,88(1):115-130
The term “casual work” is not well defined in the literature and can include a diversity of types of employment. In this paper,
we first present an introduction and definition of concepts related to job security and economic insecurity. Second, a view
on the main labour market transformations, their causes and impacts, with more accent on self-employment. We will then reflect
on policy issues and on how social policies can impact on job security, and this is where we will introduce the new Québec
parental leave regime, which is a welcome effort to alleviate insecurity and economic difficulty for self-employed parents,
taking gender into account. We will conclude by considerations on the importance of economic security and the policies which
could support this, in a context where many stress the fact that “boundaryless” or “nomadic” careers are the way of the future
and that workers should simply adapt to this new context.
相似文献
Diane-Gabrielle TremblayEmail: |
19.
Like immigrants, aboriginal populations' economic success may be enhanced by the acquisition of skills and traits appropriate
to the “majority” culture in which they reside. Using 1991 Canadian Census data, we show that Aboriginal labour market success
is greater for Aboriginals whose ancestors intermarried with non-Aboriginals, for those who live off Indian reserves, and
for those who live outside the Yukon and Northwest Territories. While these three “facts” could also be explained by a combination
of other processes, such as discrimination, physical remoteness, and selection, only the skill/trait acquisition, or “assimilation”
hypothesis is consistent with all three.
Received: 04 August 1998/Accepted: 12 October 2000 相似文献
20.
This article decomposes total population momentum into two constituent and multiplicative parts: “nonstable” momentum and
“stable” momentum. Nonstable momentum depends on deviations between a population’s current age distribution and its implied
stable age distribution. Stable momentum is a function of deviations between a population’s implied stable and stationary
age distributions. In general, the factorization of total momentum into the product of nonstable and stable momentum is a
very good approximation. The factorization is exact, however, when the current age distribution is stable or when observed
fertility is already at replacement. We provide numerical illustrations by calculating nonstable, stable, and total momentum
for 176 countries, the world, and its major regions. In short, the article brings together disparate strands of the population
momentum literature and shows how the various kinds of momentum fit together into a single unifying framework. 相似文献