养老金收入与收入不平等对老年人健康的影响

文章利用中国收入分配课题组2002和2007年城镇住户调查数据,分析了养老金对中国老年人健康的影响作用。结果显示,2002～2007年,随着养老金收入水平的提高,老年人自评健康状况越来越好,相比其他家庭人均收入,养老金对保障老年人健康的作用越来越突出;养老金通过家庭内部老年人口之间的再分配,发挥的作用更明显。由于收入差距的扩大和城市贫困问题的凸显,不平等对老年人的健康影响开始显现;对于单独居住老人,养老金的健康保障作用越来越重要。     

Childhood Circumstances and Health Inequality in Old Age: Comparative Evidence from China and the USA

Social Indicators Research - This paper estimates the extent to which childhood circumstances contribute to health inequality in old age and evaluates the importance of major domains of childhood...     

与收入相关的老人健康不平等及其分解——基于中国城镇和农村的经验研究

本文使用“中国老年人健康长寿影响因素调查”（CLHLS）数据,测度了中国老人健康不平等程度,重点计算了收入、婚姻状况、居住安排等因素对健康不平等的贡献。回归基础上的集中系数及其分解结果显示：我国存在亲富人的健康不平等,高收入人群的健康状况更好;城镇地区,健康不平等主要的贡献因素为收入、婚姻状况、医疗保险、经常锻炼,居住安排对健康不平等的贡献为负。农村地区,收入因素对于健康不平等的贡献最大,这就意味着消除农村健康不平等的关键是要降低收入不平等。在城镇和农村地区医疗保险的不平等程度更甚,进一步强化了健康不平等。因此如果政策想要降低健康不平等,首先要降低穷人获得医疗保险的经济门槛,增加医疗保健服务的可及性。     

Decomposition of Food Expenditure Inequality: An Application of the Extended Gini Coefficient to Greek Micro-Data

The principal purpose of this paper is to examine theeffects of 16 food items on the overall foodexpenditure inequality in Greece using the raw data ofFamily Budget Surveys conducted during 1987/88 and1993/94. The method employed was the decomposition ofthe extended Gini coefficient. According to theresults, taxing expenditure on food consumed away fromhome and on alcoholic drinks will improve thedistribution of food expenditure equality and willincrease the progressivity of the tax system.Subsidising the other food items will have the samebut more modest effect.     

中国公共卫生不均等的结构分析

文章基于静态与动态双重视角,运用泰尔指数拓展模型实证分析了1993～2009年中国30省份的卫生不均等及其演变的结构特征,结果表明,中国卫生不均等既存在着卫生物力与卫生人力资源配置的内部结构不平等特征,同时还表现为城乡、不同地区的多维外部结构不平等,不同因素彼此交织,相互影响。文章认为,区域经济发展的不平衡是卫生不平等结构形成的内在根源,其对卫生物力不平等的影响尤为突出,而由城乡二元制度导致的不合理人口流动因素则加剧了卫生人力不平等程度。作者建议,卫生均等化与城乡、区域均衡化发展战略统筹实施,同步深化医疗卫生领域和社会经济领域的相关改革,以推动卫生均等化的纵深化和长效发展。     

政府支出对医疗服务健康公平影响的比较和启示

医疗服务公平和人民的健康是各国卫生系统向其国家居民提供医疗服务所应实现的两个重要目标。但以英美日为例的发达国家根据世界卫生统计年鉴中的医疗服务公平性排名确有明显差距,因此,高收入和高政府医疗卫生支出与医疗卫生服务公平和健康公平性并没有必然关系。本文通过比较分析美日英国的政府间医疗卫生支出责任划分的结构发现高政府医疗卫生支出比例是提高医疗服务筹资公平性的前提,中央承担社会医疗保险责任是实现医疗服务筹资公平性的保证,政府特别是中央政府出资的长期护理有助于提高国民健康水平,地方政府的参与更有助于提高一国医疗系统机构数量特别是医院的数量。     

农村内部收入不平等变动的成因——基于回归分解的研究途径

近年来中国农村居民收入持续增长,但是农村收入差距却持续扩大。采用回归分解的方法,利用吉林省农户抽样调查数据,对农村内部收入不平等及其变动趋势的成因进行分析。研究结果表明,劳动力投入、工资性收入和人力资本对农户收入的增加起到明显的作用;影响农村收入不平等水平的要素有劳动力投入、耕地、工资性收入、人力资本要素以及地区差异;耕地、工资性收入和劳动力投入对农村内部收入不平等的增加有显著影响,其中耕地的作用占51.60%,超过一半的解释能力,而教育对降低收入不平等水平有一定的作用。     

Impact of Digital Financial Inclusion on Consumption Inequality in China

Social Indicators Research - In this paper, we investigate the effect of digital finance inclusion (DFI) on household consumption inequality in China. Based on the biennial panel data of China...     

Cross-National Sources of Health Inequality: Education and Tobacco Use in the World Health Survey

The spread of tobacco use from the West to other parts of the world, especially among disadvantaged socioeconomic groups, raises concerns not only about the indisputable harm to global health but also about worsening health inequality. Arguments relating to economic cost and diffusion posit that rising educational disparities in tobacco use—and associated disparities in health and premature mortality—are associated with higher national income and more advanced stages of cigarette diffusion, particularly among younger persons and males. To test these arguments, we use World Health Survey data for 99,661 men and 123,953 women from 50 low-income to upper-middle–income nations. Multilevel logistic regression models show that increases in national income and cigarette diffusion widen educational disparities in smoking among young persons and men but have weaker influences among older persons and women. The results suggest that the social and economic patterns of cigarette adoption across low- and middle-income nations foretell continuing, and perhaps widening, disparities in mortality.     

人口特征对收入分配的影响研究——基于深圳和重庆数据的分析

使用深圳市和重庆市两座城市2005年7月的居民抽样调查数据,运用基于人口特征的收入差距群体分解方法对两市的收入分配结构进行了对比研究。研究发现,虽然深圳市的城市居民收入分配差距大于重庆市,但一些代表个人身份的特征,如城市户籍、民族等因素,在深圳市城市居民收入分配中的作用却明显小于重庆市。在两座城市,就业行业和受教育程度是影响城市居民收入分配差距最主要的因素。由于就业行业与受教育水平密切相关,因此,在经济发展过程中不断加强教育投入,强化教育资源的均等化,防止受教育机会不平等的出现和扩大,对于防范中国经济由收入分配不公带来的风险意义重大。     

基于地区和社区视角下老年健康与不平等的实证分析

随着人口老龄化进程的加速,老年健康成为学界关注的一大领域。探究老年健康不平等及其影响机理,准确理解老年人健康指标的变化趋势,对于实现健康老龄化的目标具有积极的意义。本文采用中国健康与养老追踪调查(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study,CHARLS)数据,运用分层线性模型考察老年人健康水平的影响因素和群际差异。本文还利用SF-36量表,基于主成分分析方法构建涵盖主客观健康指标,在地区和社区层面重点探究教育程度、个人收入等因素对于健康不平等的影响机理。分析结果显示,个人和家庭的社会经济条件对于老年健康有积极的作用,物质资源越丰富的老人越健康;地区层面,经济发展给健康带来了正向的外部性,经济越发达老年人健康指数越高;社区层面,老年人生活的社区经济水平越高,其健康水平分化越严重。从受教育水平来看,老年健康体现为社区层面"低度平均,高度不均",个体层面"低度不均,高度平均",收入水平在个体层面和社区层面产生了相反的影响。     

Statistical Properties of Generalized Gini Coefficient with Application to Health Inequality Measurement

In this article, we report statistical properties of two classes of generalized Gini coefficients (G1 and G2). The theoretical results were assessed via Monte Carlo simulations. Further, we used G1 and G2 on life expectancy to measure health inequalities among the provinces of China and the states of the United States. For China, the results indicated that there was statistically significant health inequality by both G1 and G2. However, for the US, the results showed that there was significant health inequality by G1 but no statistical significance was found in health inequality by G2. Overall, from our study, China has higher health inequality than the United States.     

Poverty Impact of Variations in Within-group and Between-group Inequality in Nigeria: New Estimates Using Two Household Survey Data

Social Indicators Research - In an unequal and fragile economy such as Nigeria, providing for the extreme poor, marginalized, disadvantaged, less privileged and vulnerable is still seen by elites...     

Individual Income Inequality and Its Drivers in Indonesia: A Theil Decomposition Reassessment

This article employs a Theil decomposition analysis to examine various dimensions of income inequality, using the 2007 Indonesian Family Life Survey. The empirical strategy is based on the individual-level income data—instead of group means as in the existing literature—and thus accounts for within-group dispersion of individual incomes. The decomposition exercise reveals that income inequality across education levels constitutes about 13 % of total income inequality. The urban–rural and interprovincial dimensions individually explain 6.0–6.5 %, but the contribution of income inequality by genders appears to be negligible. The findings highlight educational reform as an effective redistributive policy.     

生命周期视角下与收入相关的健康不平等分析——基于组群分析的方法

本文利用中国健康与营养调查数据,从生命周期的视角对与收入相关的健康不平等的年龄特征和变动进行了基于组群分析的实证研究。研究结果表明：与收入相关的健康不平等随着年龄的增长不断扩大：不同年龄段的健康不平等均呈现不断扩大的变动趋势,45岁以上人群的变动幅度要相对大于45岁以下人群;教育、收入和医疗的不平等是与收入相关的健康不平等扩大的主要原因,但是对45岁以下人群健康不平等的影响要大于45岁以上人群;此外,本文还进一步分析了年龄老化对健康不平等变化的影响路径。     

Cognitive Disparities: The Impact of the Great Depression and Cumulative Inequality on Later-Life Cognitive Function

Population aging has driven a spate of recent research on later-life cognitive function. Greater longevity increases the lifetime risk of memory diseases that compromise the cognitive abilities vital to well-being. Alzheimer’s disease, thought to be the most common underlying pathology for elders’ cognitive dysfunction (Willis and Hakim 2013), is already the sixth leading cause of death in the United States (Alzheimer’s Association 2016). Understanding social determinants of pathological cognitive decline is key to crafting interventions, but evidence is inconclusive for how social factors interact over the life course to affect cognitive function. I study whether early-life exposure to the Great Depression is directly associated with later-life cognitive function, influences risky behaviors over the life course, and/or accumulates with other life-course disadvantages. Using growth curve models to analyze the Health and Retirement Study, I find that early-life exposure to the Great Depression is associated with fluid cognition, controlling for intervening factors—evidence for a critical period model. I find little support for a social trajectory model. Disadvantage accumulates over the life course to predict worse cognitive function, providing strong evidence for a cumulative inequality model.     

社会支持对老年人心理健康影响的研究

为了探究社会支持对老年人心理健康的影响,本研究采用社会支持评定量表、症状自评量表(SCL-90)和生活再适应量表(SRRS),对武汉市随机抽取的442位60岁以上老年人进行了问卷调查。研究结果表明:社会支持对老年人心理健康具有主效应和缓冲作用;在有轻度及以下心理压力的情况下,较多邻居、同事、家人、经济和活动支持能显著改善男性老人的心理健康水平,较多朋友、同事和活动支持能显著改善女性老人的心理健康状况;在有中度及以上心理压力的情况下,较多家人支持和较多安慰支持能分别显著改善男性老人和女性老人的心理健康状况。     

中国农村收入、收入差距和健康

本文利用2004年和2006年中国9个省份的家庭调查面板数据,研究收入、相对收入和农村居民健康之间的关系。发现健康状况随着个人收入的增加而改善,呈现出明显的非线性关系;收入差距对健康的滞后影响,呈现倒U型关系。此外,当基尼系数在0.387以下时,农村居民健康水平将会随着基尼系数的扩大而改善,当收入差距进一步扩大时,健康水平将受到损害。而数据显示68%的农村居民在倒U右侧,健康正受到扩大的收入差距侵蚀。