权数对基于模型推断的影响分析

利用抽样调查数据对总体参数进行推断通常分为两种途径：一种是基于设计的推断体系；另一种是基于模型的推断体系。基于设计的推断以随机化理论为基础，推断依赖于抽样设计，在大样本下估计量具有无偏性和一致性，但在样本量较小或存在非抽样误差等情况下效率较低。基于模型的推断认为有限总体是一个来自无限超总体的随机样本，推断依赖于模型假设，构建超总体模型具有很大的灵活性，有利于充分利用总体辅助信息并提高估计精度，但在模型假定有误或样本的入样过程不具有无信息性时存在估计误差。如何将两种推断途径相结合，在体现样本对总体代表性的同时，保证估计效率和估计量的优良性质，尚待研究。权数在基于设计的推断中起着核心作用，能够反映抽样设计对样本的影响，实现样本对总体的还原。将权数引入基于模型的推断，可以使基于模型推断的结果具有总体代表性，能更好地发挥两种推断体系的组合优势，并削弱模型假定对推断效果的影响。据此，从权数对于模型推断的影响入手，针对因果推断问题，提出将权数同时引入倾向得分模型和预测模型的建模过程，来构造双稳健估计的方法，并通过模拟研究加以验证。最终结果表明，根据文章所提出的方法进行处理效应的估计，能够充分发挥权数的作用，得到更准确、更稳健的估计结果。实证部分采用2017年CGSS调查数据进行分析，进一步说明在基于调查数据进行模型推断时应充分考虑抽样设计的影响，为科研人员进行因果推断以及其他基于调查数据开展的研究提供参考。     

基于排序集抽样方法的调查费用分析

排序集抽样是利用辅助信息收集数据的一种有效方法,基于该抽样方法进行统计推断越来越受到人们的重视。然而,已有的研究结果仅考虑统计推断的效率而忽视了调查费用,鉴于此,文章考虑估计精度和调查费用两个方面,基于排序集样本建立了总体均值的估计量,证明了该估计量在给定的估计的精度下,降低了调查费用,并通过实例进一步说明了该抽样方案的优良性。     

大数据背景下非概率抽样的统计推断问题

利用大数据进行抽样,很多情况下抽样框的构造比较困难,使得抽取的样本属于非概率样本,难以将传统的抽样推断理论应用到非概率样本中,如何解决非概率抽样的统计推断问题,是大数据背景下抽样调查面临的严重挑战。本文提出了解决非概率抽样统计推断问题的基本思路：一是抽样方法,可以考虑基于样本匹配的样本选择、链接跟踪抽样方法等,使得到的非概率样本近似于概率样本,从而可采用概率样本的统计推断理论;二是权数的构造与调整,可以考虑基于伪设计、模型和倾向得分等方法得到类似于概率样本的基础权数;三是估计,可以考虑基于伪设计、模型和贝叶斯的混合概率估计。最后,以基于样本匹配的样本选择为例探讨了具体解决方法。     

本期导读

抽样技术领域中估计量的稳健性问题始终受到广泛关注。基于模型推断方法思想是假设有限总体是某个超总体或者某个概率分布的一次随机实现,估计量是基于这个超总体模型作出的。有限总     

PPS适应性整群抽样设计及估计

在传统适应性整群抽样的基础上,提出PPS适应性整群抽样,即采用PPS方法获取初次样本单元,然后对初次样本单元进行样本外推得到聚集网和最终样本。首先给出PPS适应性整群抽样设计,然后对该抽样机制下总体单元入样概率进行推导,构造得到了修正的HT统计量,并通过模拟研究揭示了估计量的良好性质。     

论属性总体方差估计

计算抽样平均误差需要总体方差，总体方差通常未知，可以用样本方差代替总体方差。用样本方差替代属性总体方差是一个经常遇到的问题。文章阐述了在简单随机抽样时，因抽样方法不同，属性总体方差的无偏估计量是三种不同的形式，而一般理论书籍叙述的属性总体方差的无偏估计量是一种形式。用样本方差估计总体方差，只有样本调整方差才是总体方差良好的估计量，特别是在小样本的条件下比使用样本方差更为合理     

稳健学生t回归模型的非迭代贝叶斯抽样算法

与正态回归相比,学生t回归模型是一种对异常值较稳健的回归模型,通常用Gibbs抽样算法估计参数.而Gibbs抽样是一种迭代算法,所得样本不是独立样本,统计推断之前需判断其收敛性.文章探讨了一种基于逆贝叶斯公式的非迭代抽样算法,该算法利用t分布的正态混合表示,结合EM算法和重要再抽样算法,得到参数的独立同分布的后验样本,该样本可直接用于统计推断,从而避免了Gibbs抽样中的问题.     

抽样调查中基于模型的稳健预测方法

基于模型的推断是抽样技术中推断估计量的一种重要方式。文章研究得出,当比率估计模型或者扩张估计模型偏离总体真实模型时,比率估计和扩张估计往往是有偏的,平衡样本能够消除比率估计和扩张估计的偏倚,使得估计量是偏倚稳健的。     

敏感问题乘法模型的RRT分层三阶段抽样最优样本量设定

文章研究数量特征敏感问题的乘法模型在随机应答技术(RRT)分层三阶段抽样方法下的最优样本量的问题.根据RRT分层三阶段抽样方法给出数量特征敏感乘法模型的调查设计方法,计算出总体均数的估计量及其方差.应用拉格朗日乘数法,给出了两种情况下的最优样本量,一是抽样误差限定而调查费用达到最小情况下的最优样本值,二是调查费用限定而抽样误差达到最小情况下的最优样本值.并计算出抽样误差一定时最小的费用及费用一定时最小的抽样误差.     

统计抽样在审计实质性测试中的应用

统计抽样技术和方法应用于审计工作,是审计理论和实践的重大突破。它在审计测试中应用的意义在于,能科学地确定抽样规模,防止审计人员的主观臆断,而且统计抽样能计算抽样误差在预先给定的范围内的概率有多大,并根据抽样推断的要求,把这种误差控制在预先给定的范围内,以样本误差来推断总体误差,使审计工作在保证审计质量的同时提高了工作效率。 　　一、单位平均估计抽样的应用 　　单位平均估计抽样是通过抽样审查确定样本的平均值,再根据样本的平均值推断总体的平均值和总值的方法。这种方法适用范围十分广泛,无论被审计单位提…     

Zur Auswirkung von Endlichkeitskorrekturen bei der Analyse einfacher Zufallsstichproben

In statistical inference one usual assumption is, that data relates to a set of independent identically distributed random variables. From the viewpoint of sampling theory this assumption is only satisfied, if we draw a simple random sample with replacement or the population size is infinite. Then it is not necessary to consider a finite population correction when calculating the variance of a given estimator. To examine the effect of simple random sampling without replacement on the above assumption, the exact variances are calculated in the cases of mean value and variance estimation. This may give us information whether finite population correction is neglible or not.     

Fitting Variance Components Model and Fixed Effects Model for One-Way Analysis of Variance to Complex Survey Data

Under complex survey sampling, in particular when selection probabilities depend on the response variable (informative sampling), the sample and population distributions are different, possibly resulting in selection bias. This article is concerned with this problem by fitting two statistical models, namely: the variance components model (a two-stage model) and the fixed effects model (a single-stage model) for one-way analysis of variance, under complex survey design, for example, two-stage sampling, stratification, and unequal probability of selection, etc. Classical theory underlying the use of the two-stage model involves simple random sampling for each of the two stages. In such cases the model in the sample, after sample selection, is the same as model for the population; before sample selection. When the selection probabilities are related to the values of the response variable, standard estimates of the population model parameters may be severely biased, leading possibly to false inference. The idea behind the approach is to extract the model holding for the sample data as a function of the model in the population and of the first order inclusion probabilities. And then fit the sample model, using analysis of variance, maximum likelihood, and pseudo maximum likelihood methods of estimation. The main feature of the proposed techniques is related to their behavior in terms of the informativeness parameter. We also show that the use of the population model that ignores the informative sampling design, yields biased model fitting.     

Quantile Estimation Using Ranked Set Samples from a Population with Known Mean

Ranked set sampling (RSS) is a cost-efficient technique for data collection when the units in a population can be easily judgment ranked by any cheap method other than actual measurements. Using auxiliary information in developing statistical procedures for inference about different population characteristics is a well-known approach. In this work, we deal with quantile estimation from a population with known mean when data are obtained according to RSS scheme. Through the simple device of mean-correction (subtract off the sample mean and add on the known population mean), a modified estimator is constructed from the standard quantile estimator. Asymptotic normality of the new estimator and its asymptotic efficiency relative to the original estimator are derived. Simulation results for several underlying distributions show that the proposed estimator is more efficient than the traditional one.     

Polya后验方法在有限总体抽样估计中的模拟研究

polya后验方法作为一种无信息贝叶斯估计方法,在有限总体抽样中,通过观测的样本,构造一系列的模拟总体,然后进行统计推断。通过统计模拟研究了polya后验方法估计的一些特点,并和Bootstrap方法进行比较。模拟结果显示:polya后验方法能够很好地估计总体的均值,随着样本量的增大,估计值与真值的差距越来越小。采用polya后验方法构造的置信区间区间长度较小,能够很好地覆盖真值。     

在不可忽略抽样机制下目标变量的估计问题

抽样调查是通过对有限总体的重复抽样,用样本数据对总体的目标变量进行估计,但是若样本的抽样过程与目标变量有关,则样本分布不能代表总体分布,此时用样本数据来估计总体会产生很大的偏差。针对这种在不可忽略的抽样机制下如何进行目标变量的估计问题展开讨论,详细介绍了三种处理该问题的方法并对这三种方法进行了比较,得出第三种概率密度函数的方法是处理该问题比较好的一种方法。     

不等概率抽取群单位时样本量的间接计算

讨论了应用设计效应间接计算不等概率抽群的单级整群抽样和二阶段抽样方案样本量的问题,其中包括：所论抽样方案设计效应的估计;估计所论总体的方差,并根据精度要求计算简单随机抽取基本抽样单元时所需的样本量;用设计效应将上述样本量换算成所论抽样方案需要的样本量。     

On Entropy-Based Test of Exponentiality in Ranked Set Sampling

When the sampling units can be easily ranked than quantified, ranked set sampling (RSS) is a viable alternative to the traditional simple random sampling (SRS). Much effort has been made for modifying basic RSS protocol with the aim of deriving more efficient estimators of the population attributes. Entropy has been seminal in developing measures of distributional disparities as a tool for statistical inference. This article is concerned with testing exponentiality based on sample entropy under some RSS-based designs. A simulation study shows that the proposed tests possess good power properties against several alternatives as compared with the ordinary test based on SRS.     

Spatially Balanced Sampling of Continuous Populations

When sampling from a continuous population (or distribution), we often want a rather small sample due to some cost attached to processing the sample or to collecting information in the field. Moreover, a probability sample that allows for design‐based statistical inference is often desired. Given these requirements, we want to reduce the sampling variance of the Horvitz–Thompson estimator as much as possible. To achieve this, we introduce different approaches to using the local pivotal method for selecting well‐spread samples from multidimensional continuous populations. The results of a simulation study clearly indicate that we succeed in selecting spatially balanced samples and improve the efficiency of the Horvitz–Thompson estimator.     

Unbiased Estimation of the Distribution Function of an Exponential Population Using Order Statistics with Application in Ranked Set Sampling

In this paper we consider the problem of unbiased estimation of the distribution function of an exponential population using order statistics based on a random sample. We present a (unique) unbiased estimator based on a single, say ith, order statistic and study some properties of the estimator for i = 2. We also indicate how this estimator can be utilized to obtain unbiased estimators when a few selected order statistics are available as well as when the sample is selected following an alternative sampling procedure known as ranked set sampling. It is further proved that for a ranked set sample of size two, the proposed estimator is uniformly better than the conventional nonparametric unbiased estimator, further, for a general sample size, a modified ranked set sampling procedure provides an unbiased estimator uniformly better than the conventional nonparametric unbiased estimator based on the usual ranked set sampling procedure.