相继产业链条件下的内生纵向一体化研究

在由多个上游和下游企业组成的相继产业链中,上下游厂商通过纵向一体化可降低产品价格,增加利润及社会福利.但当企业数目较少时,双重边际效应使得价格增加,同时一体化厂商会提高非一体化厂商成本,形成价格歧视、甚至市场封闭等问题.本文给出一体化厂商与非一体化厂商共存的内生解,并给双重边际、价格歧视和市场封闭的解决途径.     

上游企业R&D投资策略的博弈分析

市场上存在一个上游和一个下游企业时,纵向一体化能使上游企业的R&D投资、下游企业的产品产量和行业利润均增加。本文研究了在不进行纵向一体化的情况下,上下游企业之间是否能够通过谈判,达成契约,从而使上游企业的R&D投资、下游企业的产品产量和行业利润都达到纵向一体化时水平的问题。研究表明:如果上、下游企业进行两阶段动态博弈,该契约不会是一个子博弈精炼纳什均衡。只有上、下游企业进行无限次重复博弈,双方才有可能达成契约,并且双方都会遵守该契约。     

纵向一体化动因理论以及对投资决策的影响研究

<正> 纵向一体化是指企业从事一个给定产业价值链的各个阶段,从而增加企业市场力量的一种战略。在最近几十年的时间里,学术界对纵向一体化和专业化经营战略对企业经营业绩影响的争论一直没有间断,大量的调查表明,由于产业价值链的各个不同阶段具有不同的经济和技术环境,因此需要不同的管理风格和文化氛围,从而导致了纵向一体化与传统的非相关多元化企业一样具有较差的经营业绩。尽管如此,纵向一体化在计算机、汽车制造、公用事业和医药等行业依然具有巨大的吸引力。本文重点分析不完备合同模型中,所有权结构对于投资和关     

交易成本、产业特征与纵向一体化——中国制造业28个行业面板数据的实证研究

不同的产业具有不同的纵向一体化水平,不同产业的企业如何根据自身的产业特征选择适当的纵向一体化水平值得研究。本文结合交易成本经济学,选取了中国制造业28个行业2000年~2011年的面板数据,对交易成本、产业特征与纵向一体化的关系进行了实证研究。研究认为,制造业的纵向一体化水平与产业规模成显著的正相关关系,与交易频率、劳动密集度、技术密集度、出口强度成负相关关系,而与资产专用性无显著关系。本文的研究结果对我国不同类型的企业兼并重组等纵向一体化决策具有指导意义。     

生产效率与市场竞争度：纵向一体化影响因素的研究

采用一个简单的模型研究纵向一体化的决定因素,这个模型是GH模型的扩展.研究发现当下游产业(制造商)生产效率较高而上游产业(供应商)生产效率较低时,制造商和供应商更倾向于进行后向一体化.相反,当上游产业生产效率较高而下游产业生产效率较低时,它们更倾向与前向一体化.还发现两企业之间的高相互依赖度促进一体化,中间产品市场的高竞争度抑制一体化.这个结论有一定的普遍性,并与不完全合约理论的观点完全一致.     

研发模式、纵向一体化与自主品牌导入期的创新绩效

研发和生产都是企业创新活动中不可或缺的环节，已有关于企业创新绩效的研究在考虑创新绩效的影响因素时多将这两个环节割裂开，这影响对创新绩效关键环节的甄别。为克服这一不足，以中国乘用车产业为例，分析研发模式和纵向一体化对乘用车自主品牌制造企业创新绩效的影响。 通过回顾已有研究，建立研发模式和纵向一体化与企业创新绩效之间关系的概念性研究框架。利用1998年至2007年自主品牌乘用车企业的微观数据，运用泊松模型和随机前沿方法，检验研发模式和纵向一体化对专利数量和新产品价值这两种企业创新绩效的不同影响。 研究结果表明，研发模式和纵向一体化程度对企业创新活动的两类产出有完全不同的影响。相对于自主研发，技术引进和技术外包两种研发模式对企业的专利开发均有不显著的挤出效应，而技术外包会显著提高企业新产品生产的技术效率，从而增加企业的新产品价值；纵向一体化与企业的专利数量存在倒U形关系，与新产品价值负相关。这一结果说明乘用车自主品牌企业需要协调和匹配研发与生产活动，才能使研发投入转化为有效的创新绩效。 研究结果是对创新绩效已有研究的补充，并对乘用车自主品牌创新绩效的提升具有实践指导意义。一方面，研发模式和纵向一体化对企业两种创新绩效的不同影响说明同时考虑研发和生产环节以及从不同角度对企业创新绩效进行度量的必要性，而聚焦于特定产业的研究避免了传统跨产业研究中忽视不同产业异质性可能带来的问题；另一方面，指导产业政策制定者和企业管理者帮助自主品牌企业提升他们的创新绩效，政府的自主品牌扶持政策在鼓励新能源技术的同时更应当重视传统的制造技术，企业本身也应当将更多的资源从高速的新产品开发投入到关键零部件制造和生产管理能力提升中。     

范围经济与纵向一体化

本文提出了企业纵向一体化成因的一种新解释。企业在生产与经营纵向过程某一阶段的产品时，同时就获得了关于其它阶段的技术知识、管理知识和经营信息，这些和信息的充分利用能为企业带来范围经济。许多企业进行纵向一体化就是为了利用这种范围经济。本文还探讨了各种解释成立的条件，对纵向一体化的成因提供了更深入的透视。     

企业纵向一体化的决定因素与生产效率——来自我国制造业企业的经验证据

本文运用2003年初世界银行与中国国家统计局合作的投资气氛调查项目提供的独特数据,首次较系统地实证检验了处于新兴与转轨经济时期的我国企业纵向一体化程度的决定因素,及其是否改善企业生产效率.结果发现,价格不确定性、政府对原材料供应行业的管制政策和契约实施强度等都会影响我国企业纵向一体化决策,且价格不确定性越高,政府对原材料供应行业采用规制政策,契约实施强度越弱,我国企业纵向一体化程度相应越高,同时纵向一体化程度与企业全要素生产率显著负相关.政策建议是发展与完善契约实施等市场经济基础设施,尽量实现专业化分工.     

供应链企业合作竞争策略分析

本文通过建立两阶段博弈模型,对供应链上下游企业间的四种策略组合(即非合作-非合作、合作-非合作、非合作-合作和合作-合作)进行了比较分析,发现合作-合作策略组合仅是供应链企业合作竞争的方式之一,合作-非合作策略组合才是供应链企业间合作竞争的理想模式.     

线性需求供应链中企业交叉持股的定价和绩效变化研究

供应链中企业交叉持股的定价和绩效的变化影响供应链上企业的合作关系乃至供应链竞争力的发挥。文章首先借助Stackelberg博弈模型讨论供应链中交叉持股对企业的影响,定量地推演无交叉持股前、交叉持股时和纵向一体化情况下定价和收益的差异;然后通过对推演结果的分析得出结论:交叉持股可以使市场价格下降的同时使供应链中企业的总收益增加;最后通过比较交叉持股与纵向一体化的外部效应,提出支持交叉持股、限制过度纵向一体化的企业战略建议。     

VERTICAL INTEGRATION AND TECHNOLOGY: THEORY AND EVIDENCE

We study the determinants of vertical integration. We first derive a number of predictions regarding the relationship between technology intensity and vertical integration from a simple incomplete contracts model. Then, we investigate these predictions using plant‐level data for the UK manufacturing sector. Most importantly, and consistent with the theoretical predictions, we find that the technology intensity of downstream (producer) industries is positively correlated with the likelihood of integration whereas the intensity of upstream (supplier) industries is negatively correlated with it. Also consistent with theory, both correlations are stronger when the supplying industry accounts for a large fraction of the producer's costs. These results are generally robust and hold with alternative measures of technology intensity, with alternative estimation strategies, and with or without controlling for a number of firm‐ and industry‐level characteristics. (JEL: L22, L23, L24, L60)     

Developing an understanding of lean thinking in process industries

The research described in this article has set out to determine the extent to which lean thinking is being adopted as a manufacturing philosophy by process industries. It concerns the application and examination of key lean manufacturing principles, namely, the alignment of production with demand, the elimination of waste, the integration of suppliers (IS) and the creative involvement of the workforce in improvement activities, to a range of process industry types based on Dennis and Meredith's taxonomy of process industry transformation systems [Dennis, D. and Meredith, J., 2000a. An empirical analysis of process industry transformation systems. Management Science, 46 (8), 1085–1099]. Seventy-nine process industry product streams across 62 sites were studied. In addition, a five-site investigative field study was also undertaken. The findings demonstrate that lean practices associated with the elimination of waste are consistently used for improving manufacturing performance throughout the taxonomy of process industries but practices associated with other lean principles are inconsistently applied. In addition, explanations are provided on the appropriateness of lean thinking as a manufacturing philosophy and a strategy for improving manufacturing performance in different process industry types, and on the extent to which lean principles and practices are dependent on the characteristics of process industry transformation systems.     

一体化下游企业的零部件自制与外包决策的供应链短期均衡研究

企业常常面临选择:零部件生产是自己制造还是外包给零部件供应商,在产业组织理论中是一个企业纵向一体化的选择问题。在分析指出下游企业零部件生产的外包和自制的市场行为改变了该产业组织的结构的基础上,本文分别以上游供应商利润、下游企业利润和消费者剩余为优化目标,研究上游供应商的产品定价、下游企业零部件生产的外包和自制决策,将cournot博弈嵌套到Stackelberg博弈中,建立该产业组织的复合博弈模型,得到了该产业组织在不同结构下的不同均衡,即相关企业的最优生产经营决策。对于上游供应商,下游企业零部件生产的外包比自制总是可以获得较高的利润,并且两者的差距随着市场容量的增加而增大,对于下游企业,其零部件自制获得的利润总是高于外包获得的利润,其竞争的下游企业的利润则也是与之同方向变化。这些结果可供供应链的企业在竞争环境下制定最优市场策略时参考,尤其是可供企业在零部件外包或自制决策时参考。     

FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND VERTICAL INTEGRATION: THEORY AND EVIDENCE

Existing evidence is mostly inconclusive on the relevance of financial development as a determinant of vertical integration. This paper presents evidence that, once industry heterogeneity in firm size distribution is taken into account, financial development is an important determinant of cross‐country differences in vertical integration. Financial development fosters entry of firms and increases competition in the industry. This reduces vertical integration of larger firms, but also leads smaller, non‐integrated, firms to exit the industry. As a result, higher financial development reduces vertical integration in industries where a high share of output is produced by small firms. The positive effect of financial development on entry also reduces vertical integration by fostering the development of input markets.     

中美贸易摩擦对中国短期综合影响:基于投入占用产出局部闭模型的研究

本文利用投入占用产出技术构建投资和消费局部内生化的投入占用产出局部闭模型。基于新模型，文章研究了中美贸易摩擦的两个情境，美国单方面对中国的500亿美元商品和2000亿美元商品加征25%进口关税，对中国带来的短期综合影响。测算结果表明，两种情境下中国对美商品出口额将分别下降4.27%和16.03%，中国的出口增加值分别损失962.85亿元和3829.85亿元，出口拉动的国内非农就业分别减少78.62万人和331.05万人。以先进设备、信息通信技术、计算机等为代表的新兴ICT产业受直接影响较大，与此关联度较高的上下游产业也将受到明显冲击。在中美贸易摩擦频繁的背景下，中国可能将面临通货紧缩和相关行业就业人数减少的风险。面对贸易摩擦困局，中国需积极升级国内消费和优化投资结构。     

Beyond Make‐Buy: Internalization and Integration of Design and Production

Much recent attention in industrial practice has been centered on the question of which activities a manufacturing firm should complete for itself and for which it should rely on outside suppliers. This issue, generally labeled the “make‐buy” decision, has received substantial theoretical and empirical attention. In this paper, we broaden the scope of the make‐buy decision to include product design decisions, as well as production decisions. First, we examine independently the decisions of whether to internalize design and production, and then we consider how design and production organizational decisions are interdependent. The specific research questions we address are: (1) How can design and production sourcing decisions be described in richer terms than “make” and “buy”? (2) Do existing theories of vertical integration apply to product design activities as well as production decisions? (3) What is the relationship between the organization of design and the organization of production? (4) What organizational forms for design and production are seen in practice? After developing theoretical arguments and a conceptual framework, we explore these ideas empirically through an analysis of design and production sourcing decisions for bicycle frames in the U. S. mountain bicycle industry.     

伙伴关系、物流能力与供应链整合关系研究

目前学术界对于影响供应链整合的因素以及这些因素如何影响到供应链整合的研究相对匮乏。本研究以供应链管理为视角,构建了伙伴关系、物流能力和供应链整合之间关系的概念模型。基于来自218家供应链上下游企业的调查数据,采用结构方程模型（SEM）的方法对上述概念模型进行了实证研究。研究结果显示：伙伴关系、物流能力对供应链整合均有显著的正向影响;同时结果显示,伙伴关系对物流能力也具有显著的正向影响,且透过物流能力,伙伴关系对供应链整合的间接影响高于其直接影响。此外研究结果还显示,不同规模及行业企业的伙伴关系和物流能力对供应链整合的作用大不相同。本文不仅为研究伙伴关系对供应链整合的影响路径和作用机理提供了一个新的视角,而且还为我国不同规模及行业企业如何利用伙伴关系和物流能力来提升供应链整合提供了决策的依据。     

Headquarter Services in the Global Integration of Production

This study examines knowledge management within multinational enterprises (MNEs) by analyzing whether greater interdependence of production between U.S. parent firms and their foreign subsidiaries increases the provision of headquarter (HQ) services from the home country. The findings suggest that U.S. parents provide more assistance to their foreign subsidiaries that are linked in a global value chain than to those that are not involved in production sharing. This study builds on the earlier studies of the relationship between intra-MNE product flows and knowledge flows in multiple ways. First, it separately examines the relationship for high-tech and low-tech manufacturing industries, and finds that knowledge services from HQ that could be combined with knowledge of the subsidiary, such as R&D services, are primarily associated with production sharing with subsidiaries in high-tech manufacturing industries, which are assumed to be more technologically capable. Likewise, it finds that knowledge services from HQ that might be considered to be more passively received from the parent, such as industrial-type maintenance and design, are primarily associated with subsidiaries in low-tech manufacturing industries, which are assumed to be less technologically capable. Second, this study is the first one, to our knowledge, that gauges intra-firm knowledge flows using dollar-denominated measures of HQ services provided by parents to their subsidiaries.