略说古代史家史学批评的辩证方法

唐代史家刘知畿在总结以往史学发展的基础上撰成《史通》一书,这标志着中国古代史学批评发展到更加自觉的境界。它在理论上的提升和专题评论的广泛展开,上承魏晋,下启两宋元明,大多反映出辩证的认识和方法．极大地丰富了中国古代史学批评的内涵及其史学价值和理论意义。总结这一辩证方法运用的传统,对当今史学批评的开展,仍有一定的借鉴作用。

Abstract：

LIU Zhi-ji,as a historian of the Tang Dynasty,writes the book Shi Tong on the basis of summa- rizing the former development of historiography,which indicates that the ancient Chinese historical criticism has developed into a stage with more self-consciousness. The advancement in the theory and the expansion in the discussion of certain issues,inheriting from the Wei and Jin Dynasty and initiating the Song,Yuan and Ming Dynasty, mostly reflect the dialectical method and understanding, and greatly enriches the conno- tation,historical merits and the theoretical significance of the historical criticism in ancient Chinese criticism of historiography. Summarizing the tradition of using this dialectical method will inspire the development of today＇s historical criticism.     

乾嘉时期史学家论史书叙事之美

清代乾嘉时期是中国古代史书叙事理论发展的集大成时期。乾嘉时期的史学理论家和考史学家在叙事之美的探讨上,自觉区分了文学叙事与史书叙事,提出了＂情事如绘＂的叙事境界说。他们主张史书叙事的熔裁与锤炼。在阐发叙事之美的内涵时,乾嘉史学家充分肯定了＂情＂在叙事审美中的重要地位。同时,他们也强调＂情贵于正＂,要谨慎处理客观历史事实和史家主体的情感与价值取向之间的关系。

Abstract：

The Qia-Jia period of Qing dynasty is a period when brilliant achievement is made in narrative theory of history books.The historiography theoreticians and textual historians distinguish between literary narrative and historical narrative and then propose ＂narrative as painting＂——the theory of the state of lively narrative.They argue the comprehensiveness of genres and polishing of narrative as well as tact,grace and rhythmical prose with parallelism and ornateness adopted in the writing of history.Historians affirm that ＂feeling＂ in the aesthetics of narrative is very important.They also emphasize ＂feeling requiring justice＂and prudent management of the relationships between the objective historical facts and the feeling and value orientation of historians.     

先秦儒、道“通”、“异”论

春秋战国时期,儒、道两家都以＂道＂作为追求和向往的对象。所不同的是,前者之＂道＂为＂天道＂和＂先王之道＂的结合,是一种典型的尊天明神的＂神道设教＂信仰;后者之＂道＂则表现出对现实的超越性,是一种典型的形而上学的理想。但二者所崇之＂道＂,都具有＂言说＂的性质和特点。＂道＂体现于社会,则表现出了对理想社会的回归：老子的＂小国寡民＂与孔子的＂大同社会＂似无本质区别。而对于这种理想社会的治理,孔、老都主张采取＂无为而治＂的态度和策略。二者的主要不同在于对待＂礼＂的态度：儒要奉礼,道要毁礼。

Abstract：

In the Spring-Autumn and Warring States period,Confucians and scholars of Tao all regard＂Tao＂ as the ultimate goal,which they are seeking and longing for.However,the former’s ＂Tao＂ is a combination of ＂Heaven’s Way＂ and ＂Deceased Kings’ Way＂,which is a typical faith of respect for the God of the ＂religious teaching＂ while the latter’s ＂Tao＂ shows something beyond the reality,which is a typical metaphysical ideal.Nevertheless,the ＂Tao＂ that they both worship has the nature and characteristics of the ＂speech＂.The ＂Tao＂ that is reflected in the society shows a return to an ideal society： ＂a small country with a few inhabitants＂of Lao Tzu and ＂utopia＂ of Confucius seem to have no difference in essence.As for governance of the ideal society,Confucius and Lao Tzu both advocate the attitude and strategy of ＂ruling by inactivity＂.The main difference between the two schools is their attitude toward ＂ritual＂：Confucians respect and try to keep the ritual,while scholars of Tao prefer to destroy it.     

An Assessment of “‘What If’ Historiography”

An article entitled "The Significance of Intellectual History" by Mr. Li Zehou in the 5th issue of Dushu, 2004, touches on the significance of "'what if' historiography." He said, "'Revolution' can be said to be the theme of 20th century Chinese history. The Revolution of 1911, the 'Great Revolution' in 1927, the Revolution of 1949 and the 'Cultural Revolution' starting from 1966-these were simply the greatest ones…Of them all,     

SPECIAL ISSUE： THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE

Establishing a dialogue with the Enlightenment spirit has been a constant challenge confronting the intellectual community. A review of human history reveals that whenever social progress comes to a turning point, the topic of Enlightenment will inevitably be raised, giving rise to a new round of heated discussions triggered by doubts, reflections and criticisms in relation to Enlightenment. Today, although Enlightenment and the modem rule of law have not yet been accepted as general social practices, the＇modernization that embodies the Enlightenment spirit and the appeal of the rule of law has actually transcended purely academic boundaries. In a sense, it could be said, ＂modemization＂ has taken root in the minds of the majority of Chinese, epitomizing almost all their expectations and imaginations about life in the future. In the final analysis, re-opening the discussion of enlightenment represents a new attempt to unravel the complex of contradictions within the dual tensions between ancient times and modemity and between China and the West, identify the causes of intemal and external conflicts, explore the humanistic foundation of modem states ruled by law and the true values inherent in the Enlightenment, and discover the significance of these values for contemporary China in theory and practice, in an attempt to pursue a realistic path and find the intellectual and cultural resources for the establishment of a modem state ruled by law.     

英文摘要

（ 1 ）Organizing and Professionalizing： Double Developing for Social Work in China
Social Work in China needs to develop both in organizing and professionalizing. Firstly, social work institutions themselves need to promote in organizing, staff educating, working styles selecting. They are required to find some way to professionalizing and specializing in social work. Secondly, the persons who are the clients of social work are in the state of lowing, marginalization, atomization and helplessness. Contrary to the Western Social Work styles which focus on solving personal problems, China social work should be anxious to organizing the persons, setting up a network for ＂to help then to be helped ＂, we should create a new system of ＂help banks＂, in which people can save their helping when they are active and energetic, and draw help when they are in old age and infirmity.     

ABSTRACTS

（1）An Introduction of Professor Yuan Fang＇ s Social Work Educational Thought and Practice in Pro- moting Professional Development
Professor Yuan Fang is one of the forerunners in the restoration of social work profession in China and has profound social work educational thought. He defines social work as a professional discipline which should have solid sociology theory foundation and be supported by the social welfare and social security system in responding multiple needs of vulnerable population. Sociology can be viewed as a broader vision of social work. Social welfare and social security system is the institutional base to prac- tice social work and professional social work provides an important way to solve problems of the vul- nerable. He argues that social work should be professionalized and social work education should be closely tied with practical sectors. His thought plays an important role in directing social work＇ s resto- ration and its future development in China.     

SPECIAL ISSUE： EXAMINING THE DEATH PENALTY IN CHINAIntroduction

The amount of thought given to the death penalty is almost equal to that which the entire field of humanities and social science has expended on life itself, and shows no signs of flagging. The question may be formulated as a purely philosophical one, but it has also drawn the attention of political scientists. Naturally, it is also an important legal issue.Papers presented in this special issue on the death penalty cover both substantive and procedural law. In ＂On the ＇Criterion＇ of Proof in Capital Cases and the Revision of the Code of Criminal Procedure,＂ Professor Wang Minyuan discusses the trial hearing from the perspective of the Criminal Procedure Law, arguing that whether a capital case meets the most rigorous requirements for proof is the basic standard by which its quality should be measured and the key to solving quality problems in capital cases. In ＂The Death Penalty and Human Rights,＂ Professor Chen Zhonglin reflects upon the legitimacy of the death penalty from the perspective of substantive law, and emphasizes the need for a correct understanding of the conditions for application of the death sentence and the suspended death sentence stipulated in the Criminal Law of China.     

ABSTRACTS

（ 1 ）Preliminary Analysis on the Model of Transactional Analysis in Social Work
Wen Jun Yi Zhenzhen · 3 ·
The transactional analysis （TA） is considered a technique to interpret and analyzed the process of communication. Distinct behaviors and feelings are measured through different ego states that represent the attributes of parent, adult and child. As TA is exchange of expression, so it may be categorized in terms of complementary, crossed and ulterior transactions. The interactive concepts of TA are easy to read and understand, so its applicability is wide, especially in the field of social work in recent years. The author point out that with its development, we should not just be limited to the individual＇ s inner psychological analysis, but also pay more attention to the role of external factors, and concentrate ef- forts on the self-remodeling of clients.     

Abstracts

Chinese Culture and Cultural China Zou Guangwen Abstract： Cultural construction has become a national strategy in contemporary China. It is exactly at the right time to propose the blueprint of ＂cultural China＂ under this context. The goal of building a cultural China should be ＂down to earth＂; namely, the premise is the conscious identity of Chinese traditional culture. On this basis, efforts need to be made in building a cultural China, such as arousing Chinese spirit, stimulating the creativity of national culture, cohering social morality and building national belief. Key words： culture; Chinese culture; cultural China; neutral wisdom     

SPCIAL ISSUE： MIGRANT WORKERS IN THE COURSE OF URBANIZATION Introduction

The term ＂nongmin gong＂ （migrant workers, or literally, peasant/farmer-workers） was non- existent in any Chinese dictionary before the 1970s, and no equivalent may be found in an English dictionary even today. The seemingly contradictory combination of ＂peasant＂ and ＂worker＂ most accurately expresses the nature and social status of a large group in today＇s Chinese society. Members of this group are industrial workers in term of occupation, yet remain peasants in terms of status： they do not share the same rights as urban residents in the state redistributive system, even though they have ＂washed the mud off their feet,＂ and left their farmland to find employment in cities.     

主持人的话（英文）

Industrialization and urbanization are stages that no nation’s economic development can bypass.They should be complementary and coordinated,but since the founding of New China in 1949,including the decades since reform and opening up in 1978,the two have become decoupled.On one hand,as has been widely noted,urbanization has lagged behind industrialization;on the other,people are uneasy about the race to urbanize,and especially about new-type urbanization,fearing that it may lose impetus unless supported     

Lu Xun’s Ideological “Heresies”and the Tradition of Yue Culture

Before his death Lu Xun was sub-jected to every kind of taunt, abuse, cursesand attack, and even after his death he couldnot rest in peace: unintentional misunderstand-ings and deliberate distortions have followedone another without end. Lu Xun’s failureto be understood by others is rooted in hisideological “heresies.” These heresies arerelated to the progressiveness, rebelliousspirit and tenacity of the Yue culture, a localculture of the Chinese nation, and are morecorrelated spiritually…     

民间组织兴起：转型期法治进程的新兴动力

改革开放30余年来,中国民间组织迅速崛起,并呈现出特殊的发展路径,具有复杂深刻的社会背景。数量巨大的民间组织不仅成为克服传统中国＂两极化＂关系模式和思维定式的重要力量,也在中国民主法治进程中承担着重要使命,形成了＂柔性＂的纵向权力分割分解机制、组织化和群体化的权利保护机制、自主平衡的民间秩序生成机制、立足＂草根＂的公民性塑造机制等。尽管我国的民间组织发展还存在一定的困境和问题,但是,其重要作用和功能却不可低估,其发展前景不可小觑。

Abstract：

Over the 30 years since the adoption of reform and opening up policy,Chinese nongovernmental organizations rise rapidly and show special way of development against a complicated social background.The great number of nongovernmental organizations become an important force to overcome the ＂polarization tendency＂ in the relation pattern and mode of thought in Chinese tradition,as well as in the democratic rule by law process,resulting in a ＂flexible＂ vertical power division mechanism,organized and group-oriented right protection mechanism,nongovernmental order generating mechanism marked by autonomy and balance and citizen moldering mechanism based on grass root quality.Although there are still some difficulties and problems in the development of these organizations,its role and functions can not be underestimated and its bright future can not be neglected.     

卡西尔与文化哲学的进路

卡西尔是新康德主义的殿军,他的思想仍未偏离康德哲学的重心——人的问题,他通过创造性地思考和解答康德提出的问题,把＂回到康德去＂这一目标推进到了一个新层次。卡西尔把康德的先验图式转化为对符号的劳作,赋予先验图式以存在论的意义,从而把人类的自我认识看做理解和阐释人类＂创造物＂的构造原理,揭示人类的精神形式的过程。洞察神话、宗教、艺术、科学的思维和表达形式,探究其中隐藏着的人类精神得以统摄的法则是文化哲学的任务。

Abstract：

Cassirer is the last important philosopher of neo-Kantianism confronted with the problem of human,which is the core of Kant’s thoughts.His creative thinking of and answer to the question posed by Kant promotes the aim of ＂going back to Kant＂ to a higher level.Cassirer transforms Kant’s transcendental schema into the work of symbols and endows it with ontological sense,thus the self-knowing of man could be seen as the process of discovering the spiritual forms through understanding and explicating principles in the creatures of human being.The aim of philosophy of culture is to have insight into the modes,formulas and rules hidden in myth,religion,art and science.