垄断性行业的政府管制问题研究

目前我国存在行政垄断、市场垄断、自然垄断3种垄断和行政垄断、自然垄断2种垄断性行业。政府管制适用于全部自然垄断和部分有合理性的行政垄断行业。我国从未建立起比较成熟的政府管制制度,对垄断性行业的政府管制,处于无力、无效状态。目前政府管制要解决的最大问题,是建立适合我国国情的政府管制制度。建立适宜政府管制制度应以增进社会福利为目的,以促进发展效率和市场公平为目标,以引入竞争和规范管理为重点。从完善管制立法、建立规范的管制机构、构建新管制机构体系、出台新管制办法及改造管制对象5个方面进行改革。     

我国自然垄断产业分拆式改革的误区分析及其出路

本文针对我国自然垄断产业分拆式改革的思路 ,提出了自己不同的看法。认为自然垄断产业改革应该立足于改制而不是分拆。主要根据在于:自然垄断产业多为网络性产业 ,必须考虑其全程全网联合作业和统一兼容性质;而且具有显著的规模经济性和范围经济性 ,分拆必然导致经济效益的丧失。从总体上看 ,自然垄断产业的真正症结在于政企不分而不是垄断;就反垄断目标而言 ,由于我国自然垄断产业的垄断多为行政割据型垄断 ,而不是经济集中型垄断;经济集中型垄断只是一种垄断结构 ,与垄断行为没有必然联系 ,所以我国自然垄断产业的反垄断应该指向包括行政割据型垄断行为在内的各种垄断行为 ,而不应该指向垄断结构 ,特别是经济集中型垄断结构。在加入WTO的背景下 ,这一点尤为重要。因此 ,自然垄断产业改革的出路应该立足于改制 ,而不是分拆。     

我国民用航空运输业的反行政垄断研究

本文重点分析了我国民航运输业行政垄断在航空干线、航班时刻和航空客货运价格的体现,并在此基础上提出我国民航运输业反行政垄断的有效措施,具体包括完善相关的反垄断法律法规体系,明确相关的反垄断执法机构和放松民航运输业的经济管制、强化社会管制等路径。     

论产业融合与信息产业规制政策

本文重点分析了产业融合对于规制政策的挑战,即规制机构的重叠问题和新的产业形态由谁进行规制的问题。在规制政策改革的措施上,最重要的一点是规制机构的重组与融合,这也是规制改革的起点。规制体制改革的整体思路应该是重组独立的规制机构,实现规制的融合,并且对已经丧失自然垄断属性的产业放松经涕洼规制,同时加强社会性规制。     

美国FCC:放松电信管制后的管制原则

美国的电信管制经历了一个从无到有,从逐步加强再到放松管制的过程。1934年,美国通过《通信法》,并成立了 专门的联邦通信委员会(FCC)对电信产业进行管制。时过境迁,1996年美国通过新的《电信法》,对电信产业实施放松管 制的政策。在此背景下,FCC将如何调整其管制功能?本文将对此进行探讨。     

试论我国自然垄断行业的放松规制改革

从自然垄断行业的经济特性入手,分析了政府对自然垄断行业放松规制的原因.在此基础上,回顾了自然垄断行业改革的国际经验,对我国自然垄断行业的规制改革提出了建议.     

基于规模经济和网络经济效益的自然垄断理论创新--辅以中国自然垄断产业的经验检验

本文基于当代自然垄断产业的变化和当代自然垄断理论的缺陷这一背景,通过网络经济与非网络经济的比较,引进网络经济效益概念,并将规模经济和网络经济效益概念做了程度上的划分。在此基础上,本文不仅设定了一个理论模型所应具备的前提假设条件,而且还依据美国经济学家鲍默尔等人在探讨自然垄断理论时所使用的形式逻辑表述方法,讨论了以规模经济和网络经济效益为基点的自然垄断理论创新。最后,通过我国自然垄断产业的典型分析,进一步对该理论进行了经验检验。     

从铁路市场垄断经营管理体制谈中国铁路体制改革

本文从对铁路市场的垄断性质界定出发,论述了铁路建设的自然垄断性质和铁路运营的非自然垄断性质,表明了引入竞争机制的可行性。同时文章分析了中国铁路政企合一、大一统管理的实际情况,阐明了中国铁路存在自然垄断与行政垄断,同时运力严重短缺的复杂性矛盾。文章还借鉴了国外铁路改革的成功经验,综合提出了改革方向及建议。     

承认市场,修正自身--电力管制结构与市场结构的动态平衡

一般来说,对于自然垄断行业,政府会出面干预,进行政府管制。管制分为两个方面:一方面政府进行进入管制,因为在自然垄断行业一个厂商生产的成本要比多个厂商生产的成本低。进行管制为的是要防止恶性竞争所带来的产品成本的增加,进行资源的有效配置。另一方面,政府进行价格管制。因为垄断厂商会利用其垄断地位在利润最大化点上定价,也就是边际收益等于边际成本的点上定价,而这一点的产量远低于人们的需求,影响了社会福利最大化的实现。因此进行价格管制使得垄断厂商既能正常运营,又能使得社会福利最大化。电力行业其平均成本随着产量的增加而…     

现金股利政策与中小投资者保护研究综述

关于现金股利政策与中小投资者保护的研究,国内外学者至今尚未形成定论.本文对相关文献进行了梳理、总结与评述,并以我国股权分置改革进入全流通时代为背景,为现金股利政策与中小投资者关系的进一步研究提供了新的方向.     

基础设施产业放松规制对企业效率影响研究

以中国基础设施产业放松规制改革为背景,应用规制理论和产业组织理论,构建了放松规制影响企业效率的概念模型。以1999-2006年电力行业上市公司的统计数据为样本,采用面板数据和分层线性模型方法,实证检验了放松规制对企业效率的影响,揭示了行业市场结构和所有权结构两个变量的中介作用,为放松规制改革实践提出了一些启发。     

Airline deregulation: Why the supporters lost out

During the debates about deregulation that occured in 1975–1978, a number of airlines, starting with United, broke with the standard industry position and joined a coalition favoring deregulation. The unravelling of industry unity had profound implications and unlikely effects, as deregulation was more complete than initially thought possible and the positions firms took on the issue ultimately diverged from the actual, firm-specific results. This paper attempts to understand the behavior of the defecting airlines. It derives four hypothesis about why a firm would choose an innovative political strategy that is at odds with the standard industry position.     

Efficiency and productivity of the cement industry: Pakistani experience of deregulation and privatisation

This study evaluates the impact of privatisation on efficiency and productivity of the Pakistani cement industry. To address some of the serious concerns about the problem of dimension and outlier, we use a newly developed unconditional hyperbolic α-quantile estimator of Wheelock and Wilson to estimate efficiency (Wheelock DC, Wilson PW. Non-parametric, unconditional quantile estimation for efficiency analysis with an application to Federal Reserve check processing operations. Journal of Econometrics; 2008: 209–25). Subsequently, we use these efficiency estimates to calculate the Malmquist productivity growth and its components. The results show that deregulation and privatisation had the desired positive effect on productivity growth due to technological progress. We conclude that this improvement in the post reform period could be linked to political stability, improved economic conditions and a competitive industry.     

中国电力工业发展:改革进程与配套改革

本文简单回顾了电力体制改革及近期的电力市场改革。文章分析了电力市场改革应先考虑几个重要宏观问题和一系列相关的配套改革,详细地讨论了中国电价机制经历的一系列变革,目前改革的长期目标和中短期改革重点,说明了国有企业的高度集中是电力行业许多基本问题的根源和国有企业改革的重要性。文章还对“煤电联动”、煤价改革,以保证煤电协调发展提出了建议。文章进一步讨论了中国能源问题,提出能源是中国经济增长的“硬约束”,节能、环保和能源战略规划的重要性和机构保证,以及开展充分的能源经济研究是能源战略规划的必需条件。     

What Drives the Demand for Temporary Agency Workers?

As part of the general trend towards increased employment flexibility temporary agency employment has grown steadily in most European countries. The paper examines, first, whether the deregulation of temporary agency employment is responsible for the growth of the flexible staffing industry. Second, we investigate the cyclical behavior of temporary agency employment. Using monthly data for Germany, we show that the liberalization of the law regulating the sector is not the main reason for the surge of this employment form. Our analysis reveals, moreover, that temporary agency employment exhibits strong cyclical behavior and correlates with main economic indicators in real time.     

Challenges for Brazil’s food industry in the context of globalization and Mercosur consolidation

This paper examines how the Brazilian food industry has been heavily affected by several recent institutional and economic changes. The food industry, including the processing and retail sectors, is part of a broader agribusiness system that conditions corporations’ strategies, performance, and adoption of adequate governance structures. The Brazilian agroindustrialization process that preceded the formation of the sub-regional free-trade area (Mercosur) and economic liberalization influenced subsequent development of the agribusiness and food system in the Mercosur countries and their investment and trade links to countries outside Mercosur. The article emphasizes business strategies for coping with challenges and opportunities that have arisen from Mercosur integration, from economic stabilization programs and, more importantly, from a broad range of institutional changes such as trade liberalization, deregulation, and the friendlier treatment of foreign capital. These changes have together fostered the globalization process in the region and have stimulated different responses from large and small firms, all threatened by the new, competitive environment.     

公众感知行政服务质量模型与评价研究——跨地区、跨公众群体的比较研究

本文在借鉴服务企业成熟的顾客公众感知质量测评研究成果的基础上,开发了公众感知行政服务质量的测评模型.数据分析结果表明,不同于私人企业和公共服务质量的测评,政府机关有独特的公众感知行政服务质量测评维度,分别是便利性、响应性、透明性、守法性、实效性和保证性.同时,本研究分别针对不同地区、不同部门、不同学历和不同调查地点的数据进行了比较研究,发现并分析了不同公众类型在感知行政服务质量方面所存在的差异.     

Trade and Factor Market Reforms in China

The benefits of the multi‐faceted liberalization of the Chinese economy can be seen in various indicators of economic development. The rate of growth of the economy, the flow of foreign investment in China, and rising quality of life are some of the indicators of gains from the liberalization process. Most of the research has focused on the role of trade reforms on the Chinese economy. There is, however, one unfinished agenda that has not been addressed adequately by policy makers as well as academia, i.e. labor‐sector reforms. In this paper, we analyze the effect of labor market liberalization in China using a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. Most CGE models on China using a neoclassical approach assume that there is a single wage rate for the economy. This is a simplifying assumption and has strong implications. Studies show that inter‐industry wage differentials persist even after accounting for obvious explanations such as differences in human capital or job hazard. Inter‐industry structural rigidities in developing countries lead to wage differentials. In China, labor mobility from the rural to the urban sector is restricted. Furthermore, China is on its way to joining the WTO agreement. As a signatory to the WTO agreement, China would be required to reform its trade sector by eliminating tariffs. In this paper, we explicitly model wage differentials in the case of the Chinese economy. Various counterfactual experiments have been conducted to introduce efficiency by the removal of factor market differentials in China in the presence and absence of tariff and non‐tariff barriers. Our results indicate that factor market reforms are essential to the realization of full gains from accession to the WTO agreement.     

系统风险联动分析:以股市和银行间债市为例

金融子市场间系统风险的联动是决定目前监管政策趋向的一个重要因素,本文以中国银行间债市面向非金融机构开放为例,基于我国金融市场分业监管的现状,对两个股市和银行间债券市场之间的波动联动性进行了实证检验,并在此基础上,试图基于分析结果对金融子市场之间的资金流动现状做出分析和判断。     

市场化与金融控制的两难困局:解读新一轮国有银行改革的绩效

中国国有银行的改革节奏自2004年以来陡然加速,而围绕改革方式及其绩效的议论和争执也接踵而至。本文试图通过梳理国有银行市场化改革过程中国家、国有银行体系以及其他当事人之间的复杂关系,在理论上为人们提供一个判断和估价改革绩效的全新框架和角度。为了厘清国有银行问题的要害和来龙去脉,本文从一开始就切入国有银行这种特殊金融制度安排的内部机理,结果发现,国家与国有银行体系曾经订立过一份特殊的金融合约,其要害是前者通过风险救助承诺换取经由后者提供的金融支持,随后的改革过程便合乎逻辑地围绕这份合约的调整而展开。可是虽经几番合约调整,风险救助承诺非但未能如国家所预期的那样被成功转移,反而蜕变为一种无形资本凝结于国有银行的资本结构之中;原本出于支持改革而刻意设置的利差补贴也就因此成为扭曲国有银行利益激励进而诱导其机会主义行为的因素。本文随后的讨论揭示出,国家与国有银行对于改革收益的时间偏好差异为后者通过扩张资产负债规模、增加账面利润从而获取短期红利提供了空间,资产负债规模的扩张又通过提升国有银行市场化改革之于宏观经济的敏感度而不断内生着对国家金融控制的需求,最终改革被牵入两难困局。本文的结论是,国有银行市场化改革的要害并不在于追求一些技术指标的短期改进,而在于通过有效的制度替换削减银行行为的外部性。