美国南亚政策演变：1947—2006

自1947年印巴独立以来的60年间,随着国际政治格局的发展变化,美国对其南亚政策做出相应调整。本文对不同时期的美国南亚政策进行梳理,分析美国南亚政策调整的原因,并对美国南亚政策的未来走势予以预测。     

西部地区留学人才引进政策对比分析:以成都、重庆、西安为例

传统上,我国东西部地区对留学人才的吸引存在着环境吸引力、政策完善度、人才引进成效等方面的差距。随着西部地区经济水平的不断提高,东西部地区人才引进工作的差距逐渐缩小。以留学人才引进政策为入口,分析西部地区留学人才引进工作何以实现跨越发展是为当前研究的热点。据此,本文以成都、重庆、西安为例,通过详尽归纳整合当前三座城市出台的有关留学人才引进政策,结合具体政策的功能性、实践性及成效性进行对比分析,探讨西部地区留学人才引进工作的未来进路。     

中国城镇失能老年人口规模及养老服务需求预测

以全国第六次和第七次人口普查数据为基准数据,结合CLHLS微观数据库,对2050年以前城镇失能老年人口养老服务需求进行了预测。结果显示：随着年龄的增加,中国城镇老年人的失能率不断提高,其中在65岁以上、80岁以上及100岁以上的老年人群体中,其平均失能率分别为28.98%、42.12%和76.04%;未来城镇重度失能老年人口规模将不断扩大,2050年以前其所占比例会超过城镇总失能老年人口的25%,而且男性重度失能人口规模始终低于女性重度失能人口规模;未来城镇重度失能老年人养老服务人员需求数量处于上升状态,预计2050年以前其每年需求的平均规模会超过500万人;随着城镇化的推进,未来城镇失能人口将高于农村失能人口。因此,应尽快建立覆盖城镇居民的长期照护机制;针对不同的城镇失能人群构建差异化的长期护理模式;加快建设针对城镇失能老年人的专业照护人员队伍;完善失能老年人养老服务规制。     

欧盟气候战略

2007年1月10日,欧盟委员会通过了气候及能源政策一揽子计划.该计划对欧盟成员国理事会提出了一系列建议,理事会将在德国轮值主席之际决定欧盟未来的气候和能源政策.《京都议定书》的有效期将于2012年结束,这之后要进行关于国际气候政策的协商,因此战略书中的建议对世界气候政策的发展也有一定的指导作用.该计划包括减少温室气体排放量,继续实行欧洲排放量交易体系,提高能源利用率,提高可再生能源的利用率等方面的最低目标.     

基于低碳经济视角下的我国农村居民消费方式探讨

随着农村经济的快速发展和城市化进程的加快,农村消费将是我国未来碳排放增长的主要来源,因此,要从根本上解决高污染、高排放难题,单靠转变城市的生产和消费方式是远远不够的,在农村实行低碳消费必不可少。目前,我国农村居民生活消费方式的现状不利于低碳消费方式的开展,实现低碳消费面临的主要障碍有:农户收入水平不高;农户低碳消费观念薄弱;农村低碳消费领域资金支持不足,缺乏制度保障与引导。就此,农村居民实行低碳消费方式的主要路径包括:提高农村居民的收入;加大新能源、节能技术的推广应用,提高生活用能效率;加强对农村环境的监管与治理,提高农村废弃物的综合利用水平;广泛宣传低碳消费观念,提高村民的低碳意识。针对农村低碳消费属于新兴的理念,需要政府相关的制度创新与政策引导,建议可实行以下政策措施:加大对农村发展沼气、太阳能等新型环保能源的资金与技术投入;大力倡导并扶持农村低碳生活;建立健全低碳消费发展的相关政策制度;逐步开展鼓励低碳消费的农村消费金融服务。     

特朗普政府对日政策的评析与前瞻

特朗普就任美国总统以后,始终坚持其在竞选过程中不断强调的"美国优先"基本政治原则,并将这一政治原则完全贯穿于对日政策之中。综合考量日本在对华制衡中的关键作用和战略定位之后,特朗普政府制定了具有显著单边化、内向化特征的对日政策,突出表现为外交政策上凸显单边化战略思维与政策取向,军事政策上强调"成本分担"的现实利益,贸易政策上追求利益再平衡、构建新的美日利益分配模式。受其影响,未来日本的对美关系发展将延续"合而不从"的底线思维,同时美国将在更多层面受到源自日本的"反向"压力。     

流动人口随迁子女义务教育阶段就学政策研究——基于18个城市政策文本的分析

流动人口随迁子女义务教育阶段就学问题是实现教育公平的重要一环。对当前我国流动人口随迁子女义务教育阶段就学政策进行分析可见:在政策目标设置上,重视教育公平和质量,强调流动人口权益保障;在政策工具使用上,以强制性政策工具为主,自愿性、混合型政策工具为辅,政策工具使用的灵活度呈现出东、中、西部递减的地域差异;在政策实践方面,随迁子女接受义务教育的三种基本准入模式为材料准入制、积分制和政策照顾制,其执行模式包括统一执行和自主执行两种;在具体政策执行中,主要有基本保障型、发展型和综合型三种政策偏好。现阶段随迁子女义务教育阶段就学政策存在证明材料种类多、申请程序复杂以及积分入学指标体系有待完善等问题。未来我国随迁子女义务教育阶段就学政策的执行将朝着办理材料不断简化、办理流程不断优化、人才优惠力度不断加大的方向发展。     

从绿色发展视角看统筹城乡发展

随着中国经济社会发展进入科学发展、转型发展、跨越发展的关键时期,统筹城乡绿色发展已经成为新时期提高城乡统筹发展质量,践行科学发展观的重要手段。中央和各级地方政府通过政策引导不断推动城乡统筹绿色发展,各地也进行各具特色的统筹城乡绿色发展的实践探索。未来,要进一步加强制度创新、机制创新和标准建设,加快推进统筹城乡绿色发展的进程。     

印度小型企业发展的政策调整及成效

独立初期,印度政府采取了一系列政策措施保护小型企业发展。随着经济的发展,这些保护措施已不能适应印度发展的需要,其负面效应逐渐显露。在这种情况下,政府认识到必须调整小型企业的发展政策,将初期的过度保护逐渐调整为合理引导。实践证明,印度小型企业在政府合理引导下,加之自身努力,取得了举世瞩目的成绩。     

日本欠发达地区开发政策初探

区域开发已成为新世纪区域持续发展的核心内容，它对中国未来的发展和提高国际 竞争力将起到极大的促进作用。本文论述了战后日本欠发达地区开发政策经历的非均衡发展 、均衡发展、协调倾斜发展的演变过程及其特点，分析归纳了日本欠发达地区开发中 取得的成功经验，即建立较完善的法律制度、适时制定和调整区域开发政策、成立专门援 助机构、实行大规模的财政金融支持、建立交通高度信息系统，旨在探寻与我国入世后西部 大开发相适应的有益启示。     

Gauging crime in late eighteenth-century London

This article uses a new method to gauge eighteenth-century crime. It counts the crimes committed against metropolitan London's justices noted in newspapers and in the Old Bailey Sessions Papers, and finds crime more prevalent than current historiography acknowledges. The article contests current claims that the manner in which newspapers noted crime constructed their readers' perception of crime, making their readers believe crime was much more horrific, and the judicial system much more just, than readers would otherwise have thought they were. The article also argues that some crimes were attacks on the powerful because they were powerful.     

Laziness or liberation? Labor market policies and workers' attitudes toward employment flexibility

This study examined the relationship between labor market policies and employees' willingness to make concessions in order to avoid unemployment. In contrast to previous work that analyzed the behavior of employers and the unemployed, we examined how labor market policies influence employees' flexibility. Multilevel modeling techniques were applied to a data set that was created by combining individual‐level data from the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) with country‐level information from the Organization for Cooperation and Economic Development. The main findings of our analyses were that dismissal protection and unemployment benefits do make a difference to employees' willingness to make concessions, and that the relationships between the willingness to make concessions and labor market policies are nonlinear. Substantively, these nonlinear relationships suggest that employees' willingness to be flexible is negatively associated with both “too much” and “too little” social protection.     

基于区域经济共同体的跨行政区治理体系建构

中国的区域经济发展模式表现为从普遍各自为政的"行政区域经济"向城郊一体的"大都市区经济",再走向突破城际省际边界的"跨界区域经济"的基本演变过程。跨区域经济共同体具有地理空间的相邻性和跨界性、经济互补共享与社会融合性、城市政府的高地理密度性和共同责任性。跨区域经济共同体建设面临多重体制障碍,建议积极构建多级政府、社会、市场、民众等多元参与的"跨行政区多层—多要素—共同治理"体系,并配套相关政策,包括制定《国家政府间关系法》,改革创新地方官员以经济增长为中心的政绩考核体系,改革锦标赛式的官员晋升制度,设立公平、公正的跨行政区利益司法调解机制。     

Young families migrating to non‐metropolitan areas: Are they at increased risk of social exclusion?

Over the past three decades, thousands of young families have moved from large cities to non‐metropolitan areas of Australia. Various policies, particularly housing policies, have played a significant role in this trend. Despite the various impetuses towards relocation, little is known about how young families fare once they have relocated to non‐metropolitan areas. In this paper we draw on a study about families relocating to three distinct non‐metropolitan areas. From our qualitative analysis of the observations of service providers in education, health, and community support services, we present a model of how relocation to non‐metropolitan areas can contribute to the increased vulnerability of some young families to social exclusion. We discuss some ways in which policy makers can intervene to reduce this risk for young families at each phase of the relocation process.     

Framing U.S. Redistributive Policies: Tough Love for Poor Women and Tax Cuts for Seniors

In recent years, income inequality in the U.S. has risen to historically high levels. Redistributive policies that differentially benefit lower- versus upper-income households play a significant role in the widening economic gap. A discourse analysis of 284 articles from five major U.S. newspapers was conducted to examine dominant media framing of the Bush administration's welfare reauthorization proposal and the 2003 dividend tax cuts. Guided by critical theory ( Delgado & Stefancic, 2001 ;   Wing, 1997 ), we found that dominant issue frames favored reduced support for progressive welfare policies and increased support for tax cuts. Implications for pursuing an economic justice agenda are discussed.     

Caring for the poor versus degrading the poor – the case of Hong Kong newspaper charity

This study examined how Hong Kong newspapers constructed charity and what the implications were for Hong Kong's residual welfare state. The Oriental Daily (OD) and the Apple Daily (AD), the two most popular newspapers, with over 50 per cent of Hong Kong's newspaper market, were selected as the objects of study. A total of 155 cases were collected from the social service columns of these two newspapers between 1 August and 31 October 2000. The study found that poor physical health and 'incomplete family patterns' were the criteria used to verify the recipients' dependency, which also formed the basis for charitable welfare entitlements. Moreover, an extremely unequal social status was produced between donors and recipients. The former were accorded high social recognition for their charitable contributions whereas the latter were presented as being desperate, weak and helpless people. In addition, four categories of needs were identified; tradition-oriented needs, emergency assistance, basic material assistance and basic health needs. The study concluded that Hong Kong newspaper charity has helped to consolidate the basis for a residual welfare state. It also revealed that charity was mainly able to deal only with short-term and specific needs at a particular point in time. More importantly, it was found that a code of practice is needed for journalists involved in charitable activities in order to safeguard the dignity of recipients.     

Nordic Employment Policies – Change and Continuity Before and During the Financial Crisis

The Nordic countries serve as models for successful employment and labour market policies. In this article, Nordic employment and labour market policies are analyzed from a comparative point of view. It is argued that Nordic employment and labour market policies have lost some of their distinctive features. Active labour market policies, for example, are now at the centre of policy priorities in many countries of the EU. And in some other respects, the Nordic countries have converged towards political patterns characteristic for states in central Europe, for example, de‐centralized patterns of wage bargaining and the partial lack of corporatist concertation. During the current financial crisis, specific patterns of crisis management can be observed in Scandinavia that make these countries distinct from many other countries in Europe.     

Reading sites as sights for reading. The sale of newspapers in Germany before 1933 : Bookshops in railway stations,kiosks and street vendors

Towards the end of the nineteenth century, with the founding of the German nation-state, the removal of various restrictions on the distribution of newspapers, a decrease in the price of paper and an improvement in printing techniques, lighting and means of communication opened the way in Germany for the mass distribution of reading material, in general, and newspapers in particular. In those years a closely-knit network of distribution of newspapers and journals developed which had a decisive role in popularising a reading culture in the period of transition from the nineteenth to the twentieth centuries. Various aspects of this system of distribution are considered through examination of three points of distribution of newspapers and journals; bookshops in railway stations, kiosks and the sale of newspapers on the streets. Methods of distributing newspapers and the position of these points of distribution in the social space are considered to decipher the social and cultural significance of these points of distribution as 'reading sites': that is, as places where readers and newspapers came together, representing a variety of social, economic and cultural interests. Thus the aim of this paper is not only to examine the points of distribution as 'reading sites' but to reveal these places as 'sights of reading'; that is, as places that helped people orient themselves in the modern space. Orientation in the modern urban space depended more and more on the eyes and this rapid development of the 'viewing' culture led to an increase in semiotic sensibility and to a need for means of learning and sources of information to cultivate this sensibility.     

Labour Markets,Care Regimes and Foreign Care Worker Policies in East Asia

This article analyzes the politics of foreign care worker policies in Japan, Korea and Taiwan. In the face of socio‐demographic challenges, these countries have responded differently to the increasing demand for hiring foreign care workers, creating distinct policies with respect to the origins of the foreign care workforce, the size of the foreign care workforce in the labour market, and job specifications. In this article, I argue that the interaction of female employment patterns, the public provision (or lack) of social care, and labour market policies in the care service sector determines the diverging political pathways of foreign care worker policies in these three countries over the past two decades.     

A Confucian War over Childcare? Practice and Policy in Childcare and Their Implications for Understanding the Korean Gender Regime

We ask about the development of childcare policies in Korea and what these mean for our understanding of the gender assumptions of Korean governments. Women's labour market participation has been increasing rapidly, with married women now much more likely to be in the labour market. The provision and regulation around support for women's employment, and especially for mothers’ employment, is a key issue and problem for Korean women and for governments. A number of policies give the impression that the Korean government is moving rapidly towards a policy for reconciling work and family based on a dual‐earner model of the family. But we argue that a close inspection of these policies suggests that the state is still playing a residual role, legislation is not effectively implemented, and government is giving way to the private sector and to the family in responsibility for childcare. Mothers’ accounts of their lives centre on a childcare war played out beneath the apparently harmonious Confucian surface, with resisting husbands supported by powerful mothers‐in‐law, and daily struggles over the management of services. The Korean government and its policy‐makers, far from moving rapidly towards a dual‐earner model of the family, are still rooted in Confucian ideals.