基于开放式创新的新产品开发模糊前端模型研究

开放式创新模式的出现对企业新产品开发(NPD)过程中模糊前端(FFE)创新活动带来重要影响。本文在对模糊前端、开放式创新以及知识共享等现有研究进行文献综述的基础上,重点对四个经典FFE模型的典型特征、共性与差异、优点与不足进行了系统分析,进而从开放式创新与知识共享的视角,探索并构建提出了FFE的开放式模型。并对该模型的五个重要环节、关键概念及其相互关系进行了界定说明与分析评价,既融入经典模型的深厚积淀,又弥补了传统模型在开放性与知识共享等方面的不足。为解决企业在开放式创新环境下新产品开发FFE阶段面临的新问题提供了很好的理论框架与方法支撑。     

环境不确定性、组织冗余与原始性创新的关系研究

本文探讨了环境不确定的两个维度(技术不确定性和市场不确定性)对企业原始性创新的直接影响,以及运用权变的方法研究了组织冗余对以上两种关系的调节作用。通过对404家中国企业的实证研究发现,环境不确定性的两个维度对企业原始性创新的影响不尽相同,其中技术不确定性与企业原始性创新正相关,市场不确定性与企业原始性创新负相关;此外,随着已吸收冗余的增多,市场不确定性与原始性创新的负向关系增强;随着未吸收冗余的增多,技术不确定性与企业原始性创新的正向关系增强,市场不确定性与企业原始性创新的负向关系增强。研究结论发展了现有的创新文献,具有一定的理论与实践意义。     

股东冲突对技术创新投资选择的影响分析

技术创新是企业获得持续发展的先决条件,但在信息不对称的条件下,控股股东和中小股东之间会产生严重的委托代理问题,产生控股股东价值与企业价值的冲突,冲突关系进而会影响企业创新技术的选择与创新技术投资的效率.分析了企业技术创新投资过程中控股股东与中小股东的代理关系,构造实物期权模型分析控股股东代理(控股股东的存在)对企业创新技术选择的影响.研究表明,只有当企业投资的项目现金流达到一定值的时候,存在控股股东的企业才会选择不确定性的创新技术投资,此前都会选择确定性的技术投资.     

3种不确定性对研发人员激励契约设计的影响研究

针对研发人员的激励问题,提出在对研发人员激励的过程中面临3种不确定性,即技术不确定性、市场不确定性和测度不确定性。通过建立一个多任务委托-代理模型,从理论上分析了3种不确定性对研发人员的行为和最优激励契约的影响作用,并由此得到8条重要结论。     

政策生命周期视角下产业政策不确定性与企业创新质量关系研究

产业扶持政策是我国促进企业创新的重要手段之一，其不确定性会对微观企业创新决策造成巨大冲击。本文采用2008—2017年中国A股上市公司数据，考察了产业政策不确定性对企业创新质量的影响以及企业财务柔性的调节作用。研究发现：产业政策变更不确定性会激励企业创新质量，而产业政策执行不确定性会抑制企业创新质量；在此过程中，企业财务柔性具有正向调节作用，且相比于负债柔性，现金柔性起到主导调节作用。影响机制分析表明：企业的政策不确定性感知与融资约束是产业政策不确定性影响企业创新质量的核心传导机制。进一步分析发现：相比于中低质量创新，产业政策变更不确定性对高质量创新的激励效应更强，而产业政策执行不确定性对高质量创新的抑制效应更弱。研究可以为深入理解政策不确定性对企业创新决策的负外部性提供新的经验证据，也为企业应对政策不确定性冲击以及政府优化产业政策制定与执行提供决策参考。     

供应链整合与NPD绩效:二元创新和技术动荡的作用北大核心CSSCI

本文基于资源依赖理论,建立供应链整合影响NPD绩效有调节的双通道中介模型。利用问卷调研得到的233家企业数据,对该模型进行验证。研究发现,供应链整合有助于提高NPD绩效,二元创新起到部分中介作用。技术动荡加强探索式创新在供应链整合与NPD绩效之间的中介作用。当技术动荡处于较高或较低程度时,供应链整合无法通过利用式创新提高NPD绩效。对双通道模型进行亚群组对比分析,结果表明,无论是否考虑技术动荡的调节作用,在供应链整合与NPD绩效的关系中,探索式创新的中介作用都是显著的,且利用式创新的中介作用都变得不显著。本文结论在明晰供应链整合提高NPD绩效的中介作用机制和边界条件的同时,对企业根据技术动荡情况,合理选择并使用技术创新模式,以借助供应链力量提高NPD绩效具有重要意义。     

市场不确定性影响并购的超边际分析与实证研究

威廉姆森指出不确定性的提高引致的高市场交易成本将更可能促使企业实行纵向一体化.本文区分了中间产品市场、最终产品市场、生产中间产品的劳务市场以及生产最终产品的劳务市场,在此基础上,运用杨小凯的超边际分析模型对市场的不确定性进行了分析,指出某一市场的不确定性对并购的影响要依赖其他市场的不确定性.运用logistic模型进行实证研究的结果表明,中间产品市场的不确定性对并购的影响是正向的,但最终产品市场的不确定性对并购的影响是负向的.     

我国制造型企业市场导向和创新导向对新产品绩效影响的实证研究

本研究基于我国227家制造型企业的问卷调查数据,实证考察了市场导向和创新导向对新产品开发绩效的影响,以及创新导向和环境变动在市场导向和新产品绩效关系中的调节作用。结果显示:(1)本研究的概念模型整体拟合度优于西方常用模型;(2)市场导向和创新导向对制造型企业新产品开发绩效的影响显著为正,且均高于以前文献研究的一般水平;(3)创新导向和技术变化对于市场导向和新产品绩效的关系起到正向调节作用;(4)市场变化和竞争强度的调节作用不显著。研究结果对于制造型企业改善产品创新绩效具有重要的启示意义。     

不确定环境下自然资源开发项目投资评价模型

以不确定环境下自然资源开发项目投资评价问题为研究对象,以现金收益、开发投资和运营成本的不确定性对投资价值的影响为切入点,在现有实物期权投资评价模型的基础上,同时考虑项目方在投资阶段推迟投资和在生产阶段暂停运营的管理柔性,建立基于多随机变量的自然资源开发项目实物期权投资评价模型． 应用交换型期权和鞅过程等定价理论给出了模型的解析解,并结合某原油开发项目的实例进行了参数的静态分析．     

环境不确定性、联盟绿色变革与联盟绩效北大核心CSSCI

环境保护和可持续发展的双重压力要求企业对其联盟活动进行变革,通过采取有利于生态环境保护、资源节约、顾客友好与员工安全等一系列绿色行为来确保联盟的健康发展。本文结合社会责任视角与交易成本理论,首先引入联盟绿色变革概念,探讨环境(技术和市场)不确定性对联盟绿色变革的影响,然后分析企业家导向对上述关系的调节作用,并对联盟绿色变革能否促进企业的联盟绩效进行探讨。来自205家联盟企业的分析结果表明,技术不确定性和市场不确定性均会促使企业对其联盟活动进行绿色变革;企业家导向有助于联盟企业应对两类环境不确定性的不利影响,从而进行更广泛的联盟绿色变革;但联盟绿色变革并不总能促进联盟绩效,过度的绿色变革会对企业的联盟绩效产生负面影响。     

Managing Cross-Functional Cooperation for New Product Development Success

This article focuses on conditions that make cross-functional cooperation in new product development projects more or less productive. We investigate 40 NPD projects in the consumer electronics and pharmaceuticals industries in which R&D and marketing played key roles. We find that the contributions of cross-functional cooperation to NPD success are contingent on the type of market and technology opportunities being pursued. More specifically, our results suggest that when a project team pursues an opportunity characterized by high levels of technological and market risks, investments in high levels of cross-functional cooperation are warranted to increase NPD success. We do not find evidence that cross-functional cooperation moderates the relationship between the openness of an NPD project towards external information and knowledge and its performance. This suggests that less integrated project teams could achieve similar results as more integrated teams in terms of processing large quantities of information and knowledge without incurring the costs that may stem from high levels of cross-functional cooperation.     

Modeling market information processing in new product development: An empirical analysis

This research explores the antecedents and consequences of market information processing during the development process of new high-tech products. To this end, we develop and test a conceptual model for market information processing in three generic stages of the new product development (NPD) process (predevelopment, development and commercialization). In addition, we explore the relationships between market information processing, its antecedents, and product advantage and success. We test our model with responses from 166 NPD-managers in Dutch high-tech firms. The findings show that the market information processing variables are related differentially to new product outcomes, even when controlling for product advantage and product newness to the market. In addition, we found that companies can enhance market information processing for new high-tech products by influencing project priority and flexibility to new products, and by reducing interdepartmental conflict.     

Innovating firms’ strategic signaling along the innovation life cycle: The standards war context

Firms that develop market-focused technological innovations regularly employ strategic signals to influence market participants’ perceptions of the uncertainties that pervade innovation-based competition. Focusing on the standards war context, we argue that an innovation’s technical, market and standards uncertainties will vary as the innovation evolves through its life cycle, influencing innovating firms’ strategic signaling behaviors and, hence, the impacts of these signals on market participants’ perceptions of these firms’ likelihood of innovation success. We also examine how such influences vary depending on innovating firms’ strategic positions during different phases of the innovation life cycle. Our insights are developed into testable propositions.     

Communicating new product development openness – The impact on consumer perceptions and intentions

This article explores how firms can foster positive consumer inferences by communicating their new product development (NPD) openness. In particular, it analyzes inferences about a firm’s customer orientation, ability to develop high-quality products and innovativeness. Previous research has focused on examining inferences derived from cues about consumer contributions to the external design of products. This article extends current knowledge (i) by analyzing inferential processes when customer participation goes beyond external product design and affects functionality and (ii) by considering other forms of openness, namely expert contributions to NPD. The results of two experiments show that, in general, customer participation in NPD effectively triggers customer orientation inferences, while expert participation leads to inferences about a firm’s ability to develop high-quality products only in specific settings. Finally, counter to previous research, communicating external participation does not seem to be an effective cue to infer innovativeness for functional product contributions.     

Interorganizational System Characteristics and Supply Chain Integration: An Empirical Assessment*

Some firms have gained significant benefits by effectively deploying interorganizational systems (IOS) to tightly couple operations with their supply chain partners. In contrast, other firms with IOS deployments have struggled to achieve this level of success. So it is not clear how such systems can be configured to promote idiosyncratic interorganizational processes that integrate the supply chains and facilitate successful outcomes. To shed further light on this issue, we draw from multiple theoretical perspectives to develop a comprehensive and unique conceptualization of IOS characteristics that goes beyond the limited treatment it has received in extant literature. Furthermore, we empirically examine the IOS configuration choices made by firms with different supply chain integration (SCI) profiles. Our results support the notion that successful firms sequence the configuration of IOS characteristics toward effectively developing and supporting their supply chain process capabilities. In particular, we found that firms at the lower end of SCI configure IOS features to support supplier evaluation and automatic alerts. As organizations move to the upper end of the SCI spectrum, greater attention is paid to features associated with systems integration, planning, and forecasting. Recommendations to managers and academics stemming from our study are provided, along with avenues for future research.     

中小企业新产品开发关键成功因素的识别及其实证研究

创新对于公司绩效的重要性引致了许多关于识别新产品开发成功因素的研究。然而,这些研究的大部分都是针对发达经济或是大型企业的;对于中小企业在新兴市场中如何开发新产品研究则相对较少。这篇论文试图分析中国中小企业新产品开发的成功因素以弥补这一研究的空缺。不同于传统的分析方法将新产品开发的每一阶段的成功因素都认为是同质的,我们对于新产品开发过程的每个阶段的成功因素从管理的角度来进行审视。我们发现我国中小企业在创意设想阶段并不将经济回报作为首要标准。虽然各成功因素的相对重要性在不同阶段会有所不同,技术、营销、商业性、管理等因素在所有阶段都是重要的。这个结果对于中小企业在新产品开发的各个阶段如何开发和管理新产品有一定的启示作用。     

Completing projects on-time: how project acceleration affects new product development

How do accelerated time goals affect the execution and completion of new product development (NPD) projects? This research addresses this question as it relates to project content, project leadership, and aspects of design integration. Research data were drawn from a survey of 131 completed NPD projects from firms representing a wide variety of manufacturing industries. The results of an analysis of both intentionally accelerated and normally-paced projects suggest that project acceleration interacts with project content, leadership, and integration variables to affect on-time performance differently across NPD project types, sometimes in surprising ways. Two primary effects are posited to explain these inconsistent effects. First, NPD acceleration tends to increase the difficulty of the project by introducing new procedures and by reducing schedule slack. These changes are thought to exacerbate project content factors and to raise the value of NPD leadership and integration techniques. At the same time, an intentional acceleration strategy is thought to signal increased priority for the project, causing development personnel to make more careful decisions, and to more effectively implement new technologies and techniques. The article discusses the implications of the findings for future research and practice.     

存在二手市场时耐用品垄断厂商再制造策略研究

运用稳态均衡分析方法，利用消费者效用模型分析存在二手市场时耐用品垄断厂商再制造策略选择问题。通过模型分析得到，耐用品垄断厂商选择再制造策略的条件为：新耐用品成本、再制造成本以及旧耐用品贬值率低于临界值，而消费者认可程度高于临界值。耐用品垄断厂商选择再制造策略不仅会对新耐用品市场产生挤兑效应，而且也会对二手市场产生挤兑效应。存在旧耐用品再利用率的临界值，当耐用品垄断厂商的旧耐用品再利用率高于该临界值时，选择再制造策略可以提高消费者对耐用品的需求量，产生市场增长效应；新耐用品的生产成本正向影响市场增长效应。     

Japanese Multinational Enterprises in China: Successful Adaptation of Marketing Strategies

Japanese international marketing has evolved. While some aspects of success (organisational abilities, long-term orientation, aggressive growth strategies, ownership, R&D) have been diffused from developed to emerging markets, others have been extended (identification of customer needs and wants, information-processing capabilities). Segmentation and positioning are fine-tuned and are significantly different from Japanese strategies in developed markets. The relatively short time-frame of foreign firms' market presence in China enables Japanese brands to address upmarket consumer clusters in parallel with Western brands. The case study approach underlines the necessity of testing received knowledge with the new realities of the international business environment. At the same time it sends out a clear warning not to over-generalise. Japanese MNEs adapt to the Chinese market in multifarious ways. It would be a mistake to characterise a ‘Japanese’ strategy for the Chinese market, as no single approach predominates. Even within our sample of three case studies, strategies vary between the three firms and within each firm they vary over time. In all three cases, the Japanese MNEs are very conscious of consumer needs in China and the dynamics of these needs. It is a fallacy to believe that because China is a poor nation then strategies have to be aimed at low-cost products. The luxury segment is large, growing, lucrative and identifiable. Each of our three firms pays great attention to the appearance, growth and sustainability of this sector and targets it precisely. Because of rapid changes in Chinese demand patterns and consumer behaviour, it is essential for firms to keep in touch with its development. However, Japanese investors in China are not just responsive to demand patterns – they are prepared to lead them. This involves taking risks with standard business formats and with cherished home country practices. This, Japanese firms are prepared to do in China. Thus, Japanese firms balance stability (safe consumer sectors) with innovation (new products). A similar balance can be seen between adaptation to Chinese conditions and the use of standardised products, formats and approaches. The first strategy attracts revenue, the second reduces costs and therefore risks. A flexibility of approach is evident from Japanese MNEs in China – witness the extent to which they are willing to modify strategies over time as conditions change. Overall, we conclude that Japanese MNEs are not ‘Western’ or ‘Japanese’ in their approach to the Chinese market, but are flexible, realistic and pragmatic.

It is a fallacy to believe that because China is a poor nation then strategies have to be aimed at low-cost products