Women in the USSR

This is a selection of statistical data on women in the USSR; it covers the period 1970-1989. Tabular data are provided on the number of women by Union republic; the number of women and men by age group and rural or urban area; women's educational levels, sources of income, and occupations; family size for the whole country and for rural and urban areas; women's marital status by age; marriages and divorces; divorce by women's education, age, and number of children; birth rate by Union republic and by nationality; abortion and childbirth for selected years and by Union republic; maternal deaths by Union republic; infant deaths; and female life expectancy.     

中国老年前期女性红细胞比积正常参考值与地理因素的关系

为制定中国老年前期女性红细胞比积正常参考值的统一标准提供科学依据,收集了中国229个地区用温氏法测定的17562例健康老年前期女性红细胞比积正常参考值,并对其与地理因素的关系进行了研究,结果发现海拔高度是影响老年前期女性红细胞比积正常参考值最主要的因素,随着海拔高度的逐渐增大,老年前期女性红细胞比积正常参考值也在逐渐的增大,相关性很显著。为此用因子分析的方法推导出了一个回归方程,如果知道了中国某地的地理因素,就可以用回归方程估算这个地区的老年前期女性红细胞比积正常参考值。依据老年前期女性红细胞比积正常参考值与地理因素的依赖关系把中国分为青藏区、西南区、西北区、东南区、华北区、东北区。     

Women in the USSR

This is a selection of statistical data on women from the 1989 Soviet census. The data include total female population by republic; rural and urban female population; women's age distribution, income, labor force participation, educational status, and life expectancy; marriage and divorce; birth weight of children born to unmarried women; induced abortion; maternal mortality; and infant mortality.     

A graphical chain model for reciprocal relationships between women's gender role attitudes and labour force participation

Summary.  We use a graphical chain model to investigate the reciprocal relationships between changes in women's labour force participation following entry into parenthood and changes in gender role attitude. Results suggest that attitudes are not fixed and that revision of these attitudes in the light of recent life course events is an important process. The adaptation of attitudes to events appears to be stronger than the selection of individuals on the basis of attitudes. We show that it is not entry into parenthood as such, but the change in economic activity that is related to this event that is associated with attitude change.     

中年女性血红蛋白参考值与地理因素的非线性模型

文章收集了中国268个单位用氰化高铁血红蛋白(HiCN)法测定的25917例中年女性血红蛋白参考值,运用非线性回归分析的方法,研究了其与地理因素的关系,发现中年女性血红蛋白参考值与地理因素之间有很显著的相关关系,得到一个多元非线性回归方程。因此知道了某地的地理因素,就可以用非线性回归方程估算这个地区的血红蛋白参考值。依据血红蛋白参考值与地理因素的依赖关系可以把中国分为青藏区、西南区、西北区、东南区、华北区、东北区六个区,为制定中年女性血红蛋白参考值的统一标准提供科学了依据。     

经济地位对信用卡逾期的影响

我国信用卡业务的迅猛发展助推了消费经济的快速发展，但信用卡的逾期行为不容忽视。收入代表了一个人的经济地位，是信用卡按时还款的保障。本文基于某商业银行信用卡客户的逾期数据，以持卡人的经济地位为视角，分析了经济地位对信用卡逾期行为的影响。研究结果表明，我国商业银行信用卡持卡人的逾期行为具有显著的经济特征，收入对信用卡逾期的影响呈“U”型的非线性特征，即收入较低和收入较高的持卡人逾期的可能性较高，收入处于中间的持卡人逾期的可能性较低。进一步的研究发现，中年群体、工作单位稳定者、有房者会降低经济地位对信用卡逾期行为的非线性影响，而账龄较长的持卡人提升了这种影响。本文的研究为全社会建立良好的信用卡用卡环境，商业银行高效处理信用卡逾期，改进和完善商业银行信用卡风险管理提供了关键证据。     

Gender and income inequality in the UK 1968–90: the feminization of earnings or of poverty?

This paper uses data from the Family Expenditure Survey for five selected years between 1968 and 1990 to examine trends in the income distribution in the UK, highlighting the role of women's labour force participation and earnings. The increased labour force participation of married women (especially mothers of young children in the 1980s) made a greater contribution to the decline of the 'traditional' male breadwinner family than the increased number of lone parents. The lower half of the distribution of weekly earnings became increasingly dominated by women. Though women's weekly earnings remained low relative to men's, the increase in their participation meant that, over the period, an increased share of family income came from women's labour market income: in 1990 nearly a quarter of the income of families with children came from women's earnings. Women's earnings were an important factor in keeping families out of poverty. There was no trend towards increasing feminization of poverty over the sample period. Adult women were somewhat more likely to be poor than adult men were, but female-headed families were very much more likely to be in poverty, and much more dependent on state benefits, than male-headed families were. Women's increased role in the labour market affected those in male-headed families more than those in female-headed families. Alongside a broad tendency for women's earnings to reduce poverty and inequality, there is evidence that the female population has become more economically polarized.     

Women's work in UK official statistics and the 1980 reclassification of occupations

Analyses using either time series or longitudinal data can be complicated by having to disentangle real changes from the artefactual effects imposed by the reclassification of key variables. In this paper the Warwick occupational conversion program is used to create adjustment tables which correct for the artefactual effect of the 1980 reclassification, along with coder errors, on 1971–1981 patterns of occupational sex segregation in longitudinal data from the Office for National Statistics's Longitudinal Study. The crowding of large numbers of women into a few occupational groups, which is consistent through the reclassification, arises in part because classification schemes fail to recognize the diversity in their work. This reflects past practice and the undervaluation of women's skills.     

New statistical needs concerning the estimation of the demographic changes taking place in Poland

The authors examine the increased need for survey data in Poland to keep track of the rapid economic, social, and demographic changes that are occurring in the country. They discuss the type of surveys that are needed and such topics as data compatibility, sampling, frequency, and organization of data collection through surveys. (ANNOTATION)     

Multilevel analysis in social research: An application of a cross-classified model

The multilevel approach can be a fruitful methodological framework in which to formulate the micro-macro relationships existing between individuals and their contexts. Usually, place of residence is taken as proxy for context. But individuals can be classified at the same level in more than one way. For example, not only may place of residence be relevant, but birthplace, household or working relations may also be taken into account. Contextual effects can be better identified if multiple classifications are simultaneously considered. in this sense, data do not have a purely hierarchical structure but a cross-classified one, and become very important to establish whether the resulting structure affects the covariance structure of data. In this paper, some critical issues arising from application of multilevel modelling are discussed, and multilevel cross-classified models are proposed as more flexible tools to study contextual effects. A multilevel cross-classified model is specified to evaluate simultaneously the effects of women's place of birth and women's current place of residence on the choice of bearing a second child by Italian women in the mid-1990s.     

Women's opinion concerning methods of birth control

Polish women's attitudes toward methods of birth control are compared using data from a survey undertaken in 1985 among newly married women and women married for at least 12 years. The results show that of the women who have been married longer, more are opposed to all methods of family planning, although fewer women in this group approve of natural family planning methods only.     

Survey of the major world sports rating systems

SUMMARY Using a common framework, this paper presents a survey of the major world sports rating systems (WSRSs) in skiing (sponsored by the International Skiing Federation (FIS)), men's tennis (Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP)), women's tennis (Women's Tennis Association (WTA)), soccer (Federation of International Football Associations (FIFA)) and golf (Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews). These systems are not otherwise available in the literature. Each of the WSRSs has three phases: first, the observed results are weighted to provide points for each competition; second, these points are combined to provide a seasonal value; third, the seasonal values are combined to provide a rating. The final result or placement (and not the score or time) is the most important factor in determining points for a given competition. In skiing, men's tennis and women's tennis, the rating is calculated from results over one season, while three seasons are used in golf and six seasons are used in soccer. In cross-country skiing and men's tennis, the seasonal value is calculated from the sum of the best values from that season's competitions. In alpine skiing and women's tennis, the sum of all values from that season's competitions is used. In golf and soccer, an averaging process is used. Besides potentially encouraging more entries, a 'best' system and one using all values also generates simple integer ratings rather than decimal ratings as are obtained with an averaging system. The simplest system is that of FIS in skiing, where one table of points is used for all alpine and cross-country disciplines. In contrast, considering that soccer (as a sport) prides itself on the simplicity of the game, it is surprising that FIFA's system is so complex, It is also surprising in soccer that a 'friendly' (often a pick-up exhibition used for player development) counts two-thirds as much as does a World Cup final played before a worldwide TV audience. It is hoped that this survey will serve as a valuable resource for those studying sports rating systems.     

A comparison of procedures to correct for base-line differences in the analysis of continuous longitudinal data: a case-study

Summary.  The main advantage of longitudinal studies is that they can distinguish changes over time within individuals (longitudinal effects) from differences between subjects at the start of the study (base-line characteristics; cross-sectional effects). Often, especially in observational studies, subjects are very heterogeneous at base-line, and one may want to correct for this, when doing inferences for the longitudinal trends. Three procedures for base-line correction are compared in the context of linear mixed models for continuous longitudinal data. All procedures are illustrated extensively by using data from an experiment which aimed at studying the relationship between the post-operative evolution of the functional status of elderly hip fracture patients and their preoperative neurocognitive status.     

Age at first marriage in Malawi: a Bayesian multilevel analysis using a discrete time-to-event model

Summary.  The paper presents a hierarchical discrete time survival model for the analysis of the 2000 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey data to assess the determinants of transition to marriage among women in Malawi. The model explicitly accounts for the unobserved heterogeneity by using family and community random effects with cross-level correlation structure. A nonparametric technique is used to model the base-line discrete hazard dynamically. Parameters of the model are computed by using a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. The results show that rising age at marriage is a combination of birth cohort and education effects, depends considerably on the family and to some extent on the community in which a woman resides and the correlation between family and community random effects is negative. These results confirm a downward trend in teenage marriage and that raising women's education levels in sub-Saharan Africa has the beneficial effect of increasing age at marriage, and by implication reducing total fertility rates. The negative correlation between family and community random effects has policy implications in that targeting communities with an intervention to increase age at first marriage may not necessarily yield reduced fertility levels in individual families. A campaign that is geared towards individual families would achieve the desired goals. Overall, the findings point to the need for the Government in Malawi to enact public policies which are geared at vastly improving women's education at higher levels. The variation in marriage rates over families poses problems in delivering the policy, since particular policies must be devised for specific groups of families to accomplish the required social and health objectives.     

中国高等教育的规模分析

本文对高等教育的供求进行了理论分析,建立了一个反映国际平均水平的高等教育规模计量模型,在此基础上分析了中国高等教育规模的现状。本文认为,中国高等教育规模并不过度,在提高质量的同时还存在很大发展空间。目前的高等教育结构与经济结构还不相适应.随着经济的发展特别是第三产业的快速发展,经济社会对高等教育的需求将会进一步增加。     

The demographic,social, and occupational distribution of the population

Some results from Poland's 1985 micro-census of population are presented. They concern population changes by age, sex, marital status, educational status, occupation, and income. The data are presented separately for rural and urban areas.     

A comparison of univariate and multivariate multilevel models for repeated measures of use of antenatal care in Uttar Pradesh

Summary.  We compare two different multilevel modelling approaches to the analysis of repeated measures data to assess the effect of mother level characteristics on women's use of prenatal care services in Uttar Pradesh, India. We apply univariate multilevel models to our data and find that the model assumptions are severely violated and the parameter estimates are not stable, particularly for the mother level random effect. To overcome this we apply a multivariate multilevel model. The correlation structure shows that, once the decision has been made regarding use of antenatal care by the mother for her first observed birth in the data, she does not tend to change this decision for higher order births.     

陕西省工业产业结构的实证分析

研究产业结构的现状与变动有利于正确认识区域经济发展，对经济发展政策的制定起到积极的作用。用总产值、从业人数和总资产贡献率分析了陕西省工业产业结构及变动，同时对近10年来陕西省工业各行业的绩效进行了实证分析。结果表明，陕西省在煤炭开采和洗选业、文教体育用品制造业等行业有明显的比较优势。     

Intergenerational fertility changes

Intergenerational changes in fertility in Poland are analyzed using data from a 1977 sample survey of 38,600 women. The author notes that total fertility declined from 4.4 to 2.5 within the space of two generations. An analysis of fertility is presented by various characteristics of females, including age group, education, duration of marriage, and economic status.     

物价涨幅明显上升 总体态势趋向偏热 ——2007年中国经济运行回顾

 内容提要：2007年，我国经济快速增长，物价涨幅明显上升，金融运行状况不断攀升，外部失衡加剧，经济总体态势趋向偏热。