Teaching and learning responsible research conduct: influences of prior experiences on acceptance of new ideas

Despite requirements for Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR) training, little is known about how much this training actually influences the thinking and behaviors of participants. Interview-based qualitative research methods were used to study the reactions of Ph.D. students and postdoctoral fellows to what was taught in an RCR course. For trainees with limited prior RCR experience, or who agreed with what was taught, it was relatively easy to influence their attitudes and how they thought they would use the new information in the future. However, if their prior experiences or existing knowledge conflicted with what was taught they resisted and often rejected new ideas that were presented. Interviews also revealed the tremendously complex process trainees must undergo trying to resolve or integrate all of the different perspectives they receive on RCR from other sources. These results revealed the importance of viewing RCR training from the perspective of learning theory and how prior knowledge influences what people learn. The results also support the need for periodic rather than one-time RCR training to counter the often conflicting views and practices young scientists experience in real-life research settings.     

Teaching and Learning Responsible Research Conduct: Influences of Prior Experiences on Acceptance of New Ideas

Despite requirements for Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR) training, little is known about how much this training actually influences the thinking and behaviors of participants. Interview-based qualitative research methods were used to study the reactions of Ph.D. students and postdoctoral fellows to what was taught in an RCR course. For trainees with limited prior RCR experience, or who agreed with what was taught, it was relatively easy to influence their attitudes and how they thought they would use the new information in the future. However, if their prior experiences or existing knowledge conflicted with what was taught they resisted and often rejected new ideas that were presented. Interviews also revealed the tremendously complex process trainees must undergo trying to resolve or integrate all of the different perspectives they receive on RCR from other sources. These results revealed the importance of viewing RCR training from the perspective of learning theory and how prior knowledge influences what people learn. The results also support the need for periodic rather than one-time RCR training to counter the often conflicting views and practices young scientists experience in real-life research settings.     

The role of "Theatre for Development" in mobilising rural communities for primary health care: the case of Liwonde PHC Unit in southern Malawi

The improved health conditions that are essential for development may depend more upon the self-help motivation of local people than upon the provision of Western-style health facilities. Such motivation can be created by the culturally-appropriate dissemination of health education at the community level. This article describes an effective health improvement strategy implemented in three villages in southern Malawi during the late 1980s. After an introduction, the paper presents an overview of current strategies used in Malawi for the dissemination of primary health care information and notes that these strategies have failed to reach the rural population. Next, the paper describes the health status of two of the villages, Mbela and Mwima, before the introduction of the Liwonde Agricultural Development Division Primary Health Care Program. None of the three village involved had access to modern health care facilities. This program involved the joint efforts of the community, a primary health care team, and the Chancellor College Theatre for Development. The paper continues by presenting a conceptual model of the process. Community involvement was assured by the election of the members of village health committees and the delivery of health training to two members of each committee. The Theatre for Development used interactive dramatic techniques and participatory research activities in Mwima and Mbela to help the communities assess their health needs and possible solutions in conjunction with the introduction of primary health care activities. The article also contrasts the Theatre for Development technique with the focus group approach and notes that the latter may not be successful in motivating self-help efforts. Finally, the relative success of the Theatre for Development methodology used in the two villages is described by comparing health indicators with those before the intervention and with those in the third village where this approach was not used in conjunction with introduction of primary health care services.     

城中村已婚流动女性卫生服务需求及政策分析——以昆明市为例

“城中村”是城市化进程中的特殊现象,流动人口多因城中村便宜的住房而聚居于此。笔者调查的城中村社区已婚流动妇女因自身保健知识及居住环境所限,缺乏公共卫生服务的公平性和可及性,严重地影响了流动已婚妇女的健康。本文就更好地实现“城乡统合”、“人人享有卫生保健”提出行政管理的讨论与建议。     

探索传统古村落的园林基因——以广州大岭村为例

调查广州番禺大岭村的文化景观资源、分布特色、空间构成、民居艺术,令人信服地发现,古村落乃中国古典园林的母体、原形及其基因所在。对古村落文化景观的识读认知就是对古典园林的寻根探源。有了古村落景观文化关的体验觉悟,才能创造出荟萃文学、哲学、绘画、戏剧、书法、雕刻、建筑艺术关学的中国园林——这是具有生境、画境、意境的“第二自然”,也是今人身心情理追求的归宿。只有城乡建设吻合风景园林的视野,人类才会实现诗性的栖居。     

End-of-Life Preparations among Lesbian,Gay, Bisexual,and Transgender People: Integrative Review of Prevalent Behaviors

Proactively making end-of-life (EOL) preparations is important to ensure high quality EOL care. Critical to preparation is the discussion of preferences with one’s primary health care providers. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people often experience discrimination from health care providers that will detrimentally affect their ability to communicate their care preferences. Structural barriers, such as those based on sexual orientation and gender identity, may impede timely and quality care when one is most in need. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of EOL preparatory behaviors among LGBT people, with particular focus on transgender individuals. Eight survey instruments with 30 prevalence estimates found in the literature were analyzed. EOL discussions between LGBT people and their primary health care providers were rare (10%). Transgender people were found to be even less prepared for EOL; they were 50–70% less likely than their LGB counterparts to have a will, a living will or to have appointed a healthcare proxy. A need exists for future mixed-methods research focused on LGBT populations accompanied by the cultural sensitivity needed to ensure their wishes are honored at the EOL.     

Community participation in primary health care

The medical profession lacks an analysis of society and medical care is individualistic rather than societal, curative rather than preventive. This paper, which reports on experience in the field, shows how community health should help people to reflect and discover the causes of their poverty and ill health so that they may be able to tackle effectively the issues of social injustice such as low wages and other forms of exploitation. Community health, then, becomes a way of motivating the people to mobilize themselves to resist the domination of the traditionally powerful. If this is not done, community health may remain only a social service that keeps the people dependent and not participants in the process of their own development.     

关于西安市少数民族流动人口的调研与分析

通过对西安市少数民族流动人口进行问卷调查和访谈,研究发现,西安市少数民族流动人口表现形态为：经济收入低,生活形态简单;他们已经呈现出根据自己的意愿选择工作地点,他们对城市生活的评价相对较高;同时他们的成分相对比较复杂,表现在民族类别多,来源地区域分散,他们有比较稳定的居住和交往习惯,他们以生活和工作为核心交往对象,呈现出世俗化的趋向。他们对西安市经济情况较为熟悉,也比较清楚地认识到职业技能培训和权益维护的必要性,他们希望能够在西安获得发展。     

关于新农村建设中女村官培养长效机制的思考

女村官是广大农村妇女的杰出代表。在社会主义新农村建设中,培养女村官有利于填补村治资源流失后的农村干部人才的需要,有利于激发广大农村妇女投身新农村建设,有利于发挥女性特征,在新农村建设中起独特作用。当前女村官的现状是：总量不足,比例较低;地区发展不平衡;参政层次普遍较低,实际作用发挥欠缺;后备力量不足。为了改变这一现状,使更多优秀的农村妇女进入两委班子,需要建立一整套女村官培养长效机制,包括法律政策机制、财政机制、组织人事机制、学习培训机制等。     

劳动合作、仪礼交换与社会结群——广西龙脊壮族村落的社群结构分析

本文通过对广西龙脊壮族家族和村寨组织的构成及其运作进行描述与分析,具体地呈现一个壮族地方社会的建构逻辑。文章认为,龙脊壮人的“家门”是一个依两可家系组织起来的血缘组织,以家屋为核心,且与家屋具有同构性;“寨”则是一个血缘与地缘合二为一,以寨老为联系中心的人群共同体。“家门”与“寨”以劳动合作和互助以及仪礼交换为基础进行建构;他们充当着家屋之间社群联结及友情的蓄水池,承载并具体实践着龙脊壮人与自己人一起劳动、一起吃住,跟自己人结婚的理想。     

The effect of characteristics of human service workers on subsequent morale and turnover

The authors examine the relationship of sociopsychological characteristics of human services workers to their subsequent morale and continuance on the job. Eighty-two intensive case managers (half of them social workers) who had caseloads of clients with severe mental disorders were invited to participate in a four-wave panel study. Explored are the relationships between 16 predictors (general background, prior work experience and training, and social psychological variables) and worker outcomes (beliefs, attitudes, perceptions, and turnover). The major finding was that better personal well-being at the time of hiring was the most consistent and significant predictor of lower burnout, higher job satisfaction, and generally higher worker morale at later points in time. Those from higher social class backgrounds and those with lower starting salaries were more likely to leave the job. Those workers with more experience had a tendency to perceive greater client improvement.     

The socio-cultural context of child marriage in a Bangladeshi village

This article focuses on the reasons for child marriage in a Bangladeshi village. Although the mean age of marriage for women in Bangladesh is currently 20.2, nearly half of all girls are married before the age of 18. In Bangladesh, female sexuality is controlled through early marriage and the custom of purdah , which limits the social interactions between men and women. The methodology of this research was participant observation, supplemented by questionnaires, discussions, interviews and the construction of case studies. The study was conducted in a village in Bangladesh, and looked at why the rural people of Bangladesh marry off their daughters at an early age, whether they think that they will profit from it, and how. Cost-benefit analysis in exchange theory provides the theoretical framework. This study finds that child marriage occurs as a result of the profit-making motive of the people of Bangladesh, despite the huge costs to the individuals involved, the local community and society as a whole.     

“新代理人”:项目进村中的村治主体研究

在项目进村过程中,"新代理人"成为描述当前村治主体角色性质的核心概念。契合当前项目进村要求,进而满足村庄社会项目诉求是"新代理人"形成的权威基础。在基层政府"悬浮"的背景下,村治主体的谋利冲动与村庄社会的项目诉求相互交织,村庄中交际能力强、关系网络广且关系重心和利益空间在村庄之外的部分村民登上村庄政治舞台。"新代理人"的治理实践表现出一种利益治理的逻辑,这实质上是后税费时代基层治理困境的延续。在村庄社会增量逻辑的主导下,以"新代理人"为核心要素的村庄权力结构呈现固化态势。"新代理人"与传统代理人在权威来源、精英替代逻辑、治理机制和治理绩效等方面存在显著不同,这也凸显出"新代理人"概念所蕴含的学术价值和现实意义。"新代理人"脱离于国家和乡村社会的双重规制,是基层治理研究的一个新议题。     

Interdisciplinary Geriatric Education

There is an absence of adequately trained social workers to meet the health and social service needs of a rapidly increasing aging population. Educators face the challenge of helping social workers in the field both to upgrade their gerontological knowledge and skills and to become functioning members of the emerging modality-the interdisciplinary care team. A historical review of gerontological social work education suggests that 'first generation' education programs based on a medical model of intervention gave way to the 'second generation' in which aging was viewed as a normative step in the life cycle. Currently gerontological social work education is entering the 'third generation' in which emphasis is on working with members of other disciplines to provide comprehensive care. This interdisciplinary geriatric health care is most readily taught as a continuing education, postgraduate experience. This 'third generation' of gerontological social work education is exemplified by the experience of the Hunter/Mount Sinai Geriatric Education Center. Interdisciplinary geriatric health care requires teaching by an interdisciplinary team and, to be effective, educators must themselves be equipped to function as member of the team. Barriers to interdisciplinary understanding and the factors necessary for interdisciplinary collaboration are detailed.     

What do children think about their social worker? A Q‐method study of children's services

Understanding how children experience social work interventions is an important part of gauging whether what is provided is genuinely helpful. In this paper, we describe the findings from a research project using Q‐method, aimed at understanding what children involved with statutory services think about their social workers and how they experience the time they spend together. Using a pre‐existing practice framework, we explored skills including empathy, collaboration, and purposefulness from the point of view of children and young people. The participants in our study (n = 22) were insightful observers of social work practice, able to describe not only how they experienced time spent with their workers but also inferring differences in motivation and approach. In addition, workers who were described in similar terms by different young people were nevertheless experienced differently. This suggests not an archetypal “good social worker”—instead, there are skills that are good for specific children at specific times within the context of specific relationships.     

农民工收入与村庄网络 基于多重模型识别策略的因果效应分析

以往基于家庭网和社交网的实证研究表明,社会网络对农民工的工资收入没有影响。这些结论的得出,很大程度上是由于对农民工个人网的范围界定不准,且对内生性问题解决不够。本文采用22个省份的农户调查数据,针对中国农民工频繁返乡的特点,证实同村打工网的规模与农民工在城市中的收入具有正向因果关系。为解决影响因果判断的内生偏误问题,本文采取赫克曼二阶段法和工具变量方法组合使用的多重模型识别策略,把村庄遭受的自然灾害强度作为工具变量。     

Scarce Resources for Retirement Planning

The need for pre-retirement planning for women is of growing concern today. Little is known about female professional workers and the problems they experience with pre-retirement planning. This study surveyed 218 professional women regarding their retirement plans and compared their responses to those of 239 professional men. The study focused on several issues: (a) what resources are available to professional women as compared to professional men for pre-retirement planning; (b) how gender is related to financial planning among professional workers; and (c) how gender is related to expectations about retirement income. In general, women were found to be disadvantaged, and strategies to meet their pre-retirement needs were suggested.     

Labour market integration of unemployed youth from a life course perspective: the case of Norway

The aim of this article is to analyse the labour market integration of previously unemployed youth in a life course perspective. 'Work, Lifestyle and Health' is a longitudinal panel survey following a sample of nearly 2,000 individuals who are representative of the Norwegian cohorts born between 1965 and 1968. The survey was first conducted in 1985 with follow-ups in 1987, 1989, 1993 and again in 2003. Unemployment among young people does not necessarily lead to marginalisation and social exclusion. Long-term effects will be dependent upon how the youths cope with unemployment, the duration of the unemployment period, their mental health status and educational qualifications. Many young unemployed people are not entitled to unemployment benefits because they lack work experience. Consequently, they are dependent on support from their family and/or social assistance. However, there is still much to learn about the long-term consequences of youth unemployment, e.g. whether or not the youths have received social assistance and what are the long-term consequences for their future labour market career and labour market integration.     

Life after work: older Australians' experiences of early exit from the workforce

Little is known about the experience of those in the baby boom cohort who are outside the labour market. Understanding their experience has the potential to inform policy strategies to support older people to remain longer in the workforce. Using in‐depth interview data from 26 participants, this paper examines the reasons people aged between 50 and 64 years give for being not‐employed, how they perceive it affects their health, how socioeconomic characteristics shape their experience and what would entice them back into paid work. Participants' main reasons for being not‐employed included: feeling financially able and ready to exit, feeling unhappy about workplace reorganisations, disability, or their partner's retirement or ill‐health. The reasons given and the degree to which they had planned to exit the workforce affected their willingness and capacity to consider returning. Key determinants of participants' health and wellbeing after stopping paid work were the extent to which they had planned their exit and the status of their health and wealth at the time of their exit. The paper concludes there is some scope for increasing the number of employed older people if policy makers attend to workforce health and wellbeing as crucial to workforce retention policy development.