Child care and parent labor force participation: a review of the research literature

Early care and education (ECE) enables parental employment and provides a context for child development. Theory suggests that lower child care costs, through subsidized care or the provision of free or low-cost arrangements, would increase the use of ECE and parents’ employment and work hours. This paper reviews the research literature examining the effects of child care costs and availability on parental employment. In general, research suggests that reduced out-of-pocket costs for ECE and increased availability of public ECE increases ECE attendance among young children, and has positive impacts on mothers’ labor force participation and work hours. However, there is considerable heterogeneity in findings. Among U.S. studies that report the elasticity of employment to ECE price, estimates range from ?0.025 to ?1.1, with estimates clustering near 0.05–0.25. This indicates that a 10 % reduction in the price of child care would lead to a 0.25–11 % increase in maternal employment, likely near 0.5–2.5 %. In general, studies using more recent data or data from non-U.S. countries find smaller elasticities than those using U.S. data from the 1990s. These differences may be due to historical and cross-national differences in ECE attendance, labor force attachment, and educational attainment among mothers with young children, as well as heterogeneity in the methodological approaches and data used across studies. More research in the U.S. using contemporary data is needed, particularly given recent changes in U.S. ECE policy.     

A map analysis of Middle East immigrants in Detroit and suburbs, 1961-1974

Abstract. Many recent immigrants from the Middle East have located in the Detroit metropolitan area. Data were extracted from Petitions for Naturalization to determine some characteristics of these immigrants and aspects of their settling processes. This source of data could be the basis of new study on the migration and settlement of immigrant ethnic groups in the United States.     

East Asian migration to the Middle East: causes,consequences and considerations

"In 1983, possibly more than 1 million East Asians were working in the capital-rich, labor-short countries of the Middle East. This article reviews the causes and consequences of this new migration flow and notes emerging political, military, and economic linkages between East Asia and the Middle-East."     

Social security in the Middle East: a brief review

The countries of the Middle East all have traditional social insurance type social security programs. The move towards defined contribution individual accounts that is occurring in some regions has not affected this region The social security programs in the Middle East are not facing the problems of financing found in Europe and North America, in part because they still have relatively high fertility rates and are thus little affected by population aging. They tend to have low retirement ages and some of the wealthy countries of the region provide very generous benefits. Many of them need to consider reforms that raise retirement ages. A characteristic of many of the social security old-age benefit programs of the region is that they exclude foreign workers, who in some countries account for more than half the workforce.     

International migration in East Asia: situation and issues

Trends in international labor migration in Eastern Asia and the Pacific Rim countries are identified and briefly discussed. Consideration is given to economic development and international investment in the region since World War II, and to current and future policy implications.     

全球化与中东国际关系

本文在对全球化缘起及国际关系格局变化进行全面论述的基础上,以大量事实说明全球化对中东各领域发展的影响及美、苏在中东地区的争夺.同时,对前苏联解体后,美国独霸世界的新形势下未来中东国际关系的发展趋势进行了阐述.     

全球化与中东国际关系

本文在对全球化缘起及国际关系格局变化进行全面论述的基础上,以大量事实说明全球化对中东各领域发展的影响及美、苏在中东地区的争夺.同时,对前苏联解体后,美国独霸世界的新形势下未来中东国际关系的发展趋势进行了阐述.     

国际能源体系中的中东

本文分析了国际能源体系的意义、结构及其演变,探讨了中东在国际能源体系中的重要地位.一个多世纪以来,中东从国际能源体系的边缘一步一步向中心移动.21世纪以来,国际能源体系呈现出一些新的特点.美国通过页岩气革命大规模开发非常规能源,其能源产量得到大规模提升,虽然中东在国际能源体系中的主导权在下降,但仍扮演着重要的角色.     

Some new trends in Mediterranean labour migration: the Middle East connection

Changes in international labor migration in the Mediterranean region since the European economic recession of the early 1970s are examined. The authors note that labor migration to the oil-producing countries of the Middle East has increased and that this migration has differed from the previous movements to Europe, in that the migrants involved have been employed by contractors from their countries of origin or by other foreign companies. The probable future decline of this migration as infrastructure projects are completed is discussed, and the consequences are examined.     

中东地区与国际体系转型辨析

中东国家,尤其是伊斯兰国家与国际体系之间存在复杂的辩证关系。从发展水平看,多数国家在世界发展体系中居于边缘位置。但从中东的能源储量、地缘位置、文明发展模式及其对世界的影响等因素看,中东又绝不是世界的边缘地带,而是接近国际体系的中心地区。尽管面临许多困难和挑战,但中东伊斯兰国家的有识之士也正在作出努力,推动自身文明与国家的转型、改革与发展。     

中东地区与国际体系转型辨析

中东国家,尤其是伊斯兰国家与国际体系之间存在复杂的辩证关系.从发展水平看,多数国家在世界发展体系中居于边缘位置.但从中东的能源储量、地缘位置,文明发展模式及其对世界的影响等因素看,中东又绝不是世界的边缘地带,而是接近国际体系的中心地区.尽管面临许多困难和挑战,但中东伊斯兰国家的有识之士也正在作出努力,推动自身文明与国家的转型,改革与发展.     

国际体系转型与中国的中东外交

国际体系正处于新旧交替的历史时刻，单极秩序在削弱，多极力量在崛起，中国成为新的世界秩序构建过程中的一支重要力量。在越来越深地融入国际体系的过程中，中国的外交理念与实践也发生变革。在大变革的时代背景下，中东地区政治格局也发生了变化。在外部势力影响有所减弱的情况下，多支力量兴起并日趋活跃。欧美等大国之间的关系演变及政策变化将对中东政治格局产生深远影响。中国的中东外交将变得更加积极和富有进取性，同时也更加重视多边合作及与欧美等大国的协调。     

国际体系转型与中国的中东外交

国际体系正处于新旧交替的历史时刻,单极秩序在削弱,多极力量在崛起,中国成为新的世界秩序构建过程中的一支重要力量.在越来越深地融入国际体系的过程中,中国的外交理念与实践也发生变革.在大变革的时代背景下,中东地区政治格局也发生了变化.在外部势力影响有所减弱的情况下,多支力量兴起并日趋活跃.欧美等大国之间的关系演变及政策变化将对中东政治格局产生深远影响.中国的中东外交将变得更加积极和富有进取性,同时也更加重视多边合作及与欧美等大国的协调.     

The delayed transition from folk to labor migration: the Netherlands, 1880-1920

"This article analyzes Netherlands government statistics on overseas emigration, 1880-1920, which reveal that the process of industrialization caused a major social structural shift in the 1890s. A system of urban labor migration replaced the traditional rural folk movement and the primary destination shifted away from the United States to Dutch colonies in Asia and South America. The Netherlands belatedly 'caught up' with the rest of Western Europe in the shift from family to industrial overseas emigrants."     

论当代国际格局变化下的印度中东外交

冷战时期,印度对中东的外交政策,基本上奉行了支持巴勒斯坦解放组织、支持阿拉伯联盟和反对以色列的中东外交政策,但在冷战缓和时期也有些变化;冷战结束后,印度在试图维持与中东国家的传统关系基础上与以色列建交,在试图与西方大国的协同中谋取在中东的利益最大化.印度的中东外交受到多极化力量和单极化力量角逐的影响,但其中东外交的角色转变基本上围绕与美以加强合作,它属于介于西方与伊斯兰两种国际力量间的游移势力.     

Immigrant workers in an emigrant economy: an examination of replacement migration in the Middle East

The author investigates human resource shortages in a labor-supplying country, focusing particularly on the case of Jordan. He "examines the growth, characteristics and role of immigrant labour in an erstwhile emigrant economy and assesses the validity of the replacement migration model. Data is presented from the author's survey of some 3,751 work permits issued to foreign workers in Amman between October 1982 and January 1983." It is noted that "replacement migration is only one aspect of a more diffuse pattern of labour inflows which have important implications for the Jordanian economy in general and the labour market in particular." In addition to replacement labor migration, which involves the employment of skilled workers in sectors experiencing domestic labor shortages, the author identifies the roles played by collective contract labor, involving immigrant labor for project-specific work, and secondary labor, involving low-skill work at discriminatory wage rates. The distinctions between these forms of labor migration and their economic implications are discussed. (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)     

国际体系转型与新时期大国在中东的准联盟外交

二战爆发前,英、法、美、日等列强形成了多极格局,其中英法在中东开展了殖民外交,其本质是掠夺;二战后,美苏超级大国形成了两极格局,开展了联盟外交,其本质是控制;全球金融危机爆发后,"一超多强格局"向"后一超多强格局"演变,以美、俄、欧和日本为代表的大国和大国集团在中东谋求扩大军事影响,开展准联盟外交,其本质是维护军事安全.以中国为代表的转型国家也在中东开展准联盟外交,但主张在平等协商和共同繁荣的基础上应对共同发展问题,其本质是维护民生,中阿合作论坛、中国同埃及、沙特和苏丹等核心大国的双边合作机制以及中东热点问题解决机制是中国开展中东准联盟外交的三个主要平台.新时期大国在中东的准联盟外交是国际体系转型的必然结果,中东安全体系多元化、经济相互依赖和大国身份转变使大国在中东的准联盟外交各具特色.