从城市化规律角度雏析中外城市复兴特征差异

通过借助城市化基本规律的理论基础,从城市化规律角度研究西方城市化中逆城市化和城市空心化现象的影响因素,以及探讨中国城市化阶段与城市空心化问题,分析逆城市化和城市空心化现象与城市复兴之间的相互关系。在分析比较的基础上,初步认识现时中国城市复兴的实质特征,指出复兴项目基本上仅是城市开发中局部的城市更新,与西方城市复兴有所区别。     

Trends in bird species richness,abundance and biomass along a tropical urbanization gradient

Impacts of urbanization on biodiversity are commonly studied using urbanization gradients which provide a space-for-time substitution in estimating consequences of urban expansion. Rates of urbanization and human population growth are high in tropical countries of the developing world, which also hold most of the world’s biodiversity hot-spots, yet few studies have considered biodiversity trends along urban gradients in these regions. Bird communities across a gradient of nine sites in Uganda, from the city centre of Kampala to outlying rural locations, were studied over a six year period. These sites were ordered along an urbanization gradient using Principle Components Analysis based on habitat variables estimated at each site. Bird species richness showed a decrease from rural to urban sites, a trend especially evident in forest birds. There was no clear pattern in total abundance, total biomass or biomass per individual along the gradient. However, this latter result was heavily influenced by a colony of Marabou Storks at one site. When this species was omitted, there was evidence of a positive trend with urbanization, showing that as species richness decreased, the bird community was increasingly dominated by larger species with increasing urbanization, which were mainly scavengers able to exploit human refuse. These results provide further support for the negative impacts of urbanization on species richness, but also demonstrate trends in abundance and biomass are variable across different regions. In particular, the increasing dominance of larger species in urban areas may be relevant to certain geographic and/or socioeconomic contexts.     

韩国城市空间拓展特点及对中国城市化的启示

研究韩国城市空间拓展的模式、特点以及不足,综合分析中国城市化的现状与趋势,在中国现有城市化发展的基础上,结合韩国城市化发展的经验和教训,构建中国未来城市化战略和城市空间设计,力求为提升中国城市发展水平提供借鉴。     

Trends in Nonresponse Rates, 1952-1979

Reported increases in nonresponse rates to sample surveys havenot been systematically documented to date. Data from the NationalElection Studies and the Surveys of Consumer Attitudes, twowell-known continuing studies conducted by the Survey ResearchCenter at the University of Michigan, permit the assessmentof long-term trends for the two major components of nonresponse,refusals and other noninterviews, by urban subgroups using timeseries regression techniques. The analyses clearly demonstratethat there have been substantial increases in total nonresponsedue primarily to increases in the percentages of respondentswho refuse to be interviewed, and that these trends are relatedto the level of urbanization.     

Changes in the urban population of the USSR, 1939-1979

The authors analyze trends in the spatial distribution of the urban population among the republics of the USSR between 1939 and 1979. The increase in the number of large cities and changes in the percent of the country's urban population living in these cities are discussed, and the relationship between levels of urbanization and industrialization is examined     

Land fragmentation under rapid urbanization: A cross-site analysis of Southwestern cities

Explosive population growth and increasing demand for rural homes and lifestyles fueled exurbanization and urbanization in the western USA over the past decades. Using National Land Cover Data we analyzed land fragmentation trends from 1992 to 2001 in five southwestern cities associated with Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) sites. We observed two general fragmentation trends: expansion of the urbanized area leading to fragmentation in the exurban and peri-urban regions and decreased fragmentation associated with infill in the previously developed urban areas. We identified three fragmentation patterns, riparian, polycentric, and monocentric, that reflect the recent western experience with growth and urbanization. From the literature and local expert opinion, we identified five relevant drivers ?C water provisioning, population dynamics, transportation, topography, and institutions ?C that shape land use decision-making and fragmentation in the southwest. In order to assess the relative importance of each driver on urbanization, we linked historical site-specific driver information obtained through literature reviews and archival analyses to the observed fragmentation patterns. Our work highlights the importance of understanding land use decision-making drivers in concert and throughout time, as historic decisions leave legacies on landscapes that continue to affect land form and function, a process often forgotten in a region and era of blinding change.     

新型城市化下广州推进产业融合发展研究

产业融合代表着当代世界科技经济发展的重要趋势,是国际企业界和经济界开出的重要战略管理菜单。在经济全球化形势下,推进产业融合发展能够促进广州集聚全球高端资源、促进经济发展方式转型,从而有利于升华广州低碳、智慧、幸福三位一体的新型城市化发展水平。在新型城市化进程中,广州必须重视三次产业的宏观融合、产业内部的微观融合和产业之间的空间融合。为此需要针对产业融合过程中存在的制度性障碍和非制度性障碍,强化战略统筹,形成符合新型城市化方向的产业融合发展思路,优化产业融合制度环境,鼓励企业制定商业战略,使产业融合成为广州新型城市化发展的经济竞争基础。     

What Explains the Increasing Trend in African Emigration to the U.S.?

In this study, data from the U.S. State Department on visas issued abroad and information from other sources are used to examine trends in African emigration to the U.S. The results suggest that, on average, moderate increases in African Gross Domestic Product between 1992 and 2007 had a buffering effect on emigration trends. Yet, emigration to the U.S. increased much faster from the poorest than wealthiest countries in Africa. Contrary to expectations, larger emigration increases were found in Africa’s non‐English than English‐speaking countries. Despite the increasing overall trend, however, critical differences were observed in the impacts of specific types of flows. For example, overall trends were driven by increases in Diversity Visa migration, refugee movements, and the migration of immediate relatives. However, significant declines were observed in employment‐related emigration from Africa to the U.S. The results further suggest that impact of trends in African fertility, urbanization, and phone use are circumscribed to specific contexts and types of migration flows. The findings, therefore, provide an empirical basis for concluding that the dynamics of African migration to the U.S. are becoming increasingly more complex.     

Adolescent Health and Well‐Being in the Twenty‐First Century: A Global Perspective

Adolescence is a critical developmental period with long‐term implications for the health and well‐being of the individual and for society as a whole. The most significant factors to adolescents' health are found in their environments, and in the choices and opportunities for health‐enhancing or health‐compromising behaviors that these contexts present (e.g., exposure to violence, supportive families). Inadequate contexts represent a failure to invest in and protect adolescents, a choice to alienate rather than integrate them into society. This article describes a number of societal trends, including growing poverty and income disparities, government instability, the changing health‐care system, the spread of HIV/AIDS, increased migration and urbanization, changing family and cultural contexts, and new information technology. The health implications of these trends for the well‐being of adolescents in the 21st century are contemplated.     

Japanese urban sociology: Development and current trends

This article focuses on current trends in Japanese urban sociology as they developed historically. They can be understood in the distinctive context of Japanese sociology, as the products of an interaction between Western sociological theories and their adaptation to Japan’s own materials. The article begins with the historical context of urban development and provides an overview of the development of urban studies in Japan, including issues in the theory of urbanization, the distinctive character of the neighborhood association, Cbonaikai, and the formation of new local communities in suburban areas. The current trends since the 1980s involve the macro approach to urban restructuring, studies on urban ethnicity, and social network analysis. Overall, it is suggested that the influence of American sociology makes Japanese urban analysis comparative. I thank Claude S. Fischer and Tazuko Hanzawa for their help with editing this paper. Remain-ing deficiencies are mine.     

Will Rural Areas Still Matter in the 21st Century? (or) Can Rural Sociology Remain Relevant?1

Abstract Despite demographic and economic trends away from rural societies and from agriculture, a consideration of rural areas remains important for two reasons. First, a substantial number of people will continue to live and work in rural areas, even as urbanization spreads across the world. Second, social processes have different consequences in urban and rural areas. Rural sociology must make global restructuring a key concern, it must provide information about social and economic processes in rural and urban areas, and its geographical scope must become truly international.     

Why is the Divorce Rate Declining in Indonesia?

This article examines trends in marital dissolution in Indonesia. Analysis considers the impact of educational expansion, delayed marriage, urbanization, increasing employment before marriage, legislative change, and increased free choice in marriage on the decline in marital disruption. Trends such as delayed marriage and educational expansion account for about one third of the decline in marital dissolution. Moreover, factors associated with marital disruption are shifting in importance. In particular, age at marriage and marital duration are becoming less reliable predictors of marital stability, whereas education is becoming more important. We conclude that the shifting forces governing marital formation and dissolution in Indonesia have modified the linkages between the conjugal couple, broader kinship systems, and modes of economic support such that traditional patterns sustaining high levels of marital instability are no longer in effect.     

Discrimination and incorporation of Taiwanese indigenous Austronesian peoples

This paper examines contemporary developments among Taiwan’s indigenous Austronesian peoples. We have reviewed major policy changes mainly since the 1980s and their impacts on later developments – both the positive improvements in general well-being and the persistence of ingrained problems among them. Major findings indicate two growing trends among Taiwanese Austronesians. One is the rise of interest in their cultures and efforts to preserve and restore selected indigenous customs and practices. The other trend is a continuous outflow of the indigenes from traditional tribal communities to urban centers for better employment, education, or health care. Their increasing urbanization also contributes to more inter-ethnic marriages and the loss of indigenous languages and practices. The case of Taiwanese Austronesians illustrates the impacts historical and politico-economic processes are having on indigenous peoples.     

主动城市化与被动城市化的比较研究

本文在对我国城市化质量进行分析的基础上，回顾总结现有城市化模式，指出我国的城市化模式有主动城市化与被动城市化之分，接着具体阐述了现行不同城市化模式的概念与内涵，并对比研究被动城市化和主动城市化在形成动力机制、表征以及存在问题等方面的差异。最后，以实现可持续发展城市化为目标，根据不同城市化模式其自身所特有的问题提出深层次城市化的建议和对策。     

中国推进城市化的犹豫、失误和后果

按照人均GDP为标志的发展阶段比较,中国城市化水平比一般国家低了15个百分点,结构上呈现工业化超前和城市化滞后的状态,也形成GDP结构与就业结构之间的严重扭曲。这是建国以来特别是1960年起开始的反城市化道路和政策所致。但1978年以后,并没有真正从理论上认识城市化对于中国经济和社会发展的重要性,在推进城市化的战略、体制和政策上,是犹豫和半推半阻的。城市化滞后给中国的经济和社会发展带来了一系列的问题。事实证明,城市化水平低是城乡差距大的一个重要因素。因此,建国以来,包括改革开放以来,推进城市化方面的犹豫和缓慢,是导致中国经济社会发展诸多问题的重大的深层次原因。     

中国城市化发展道路及其新趋势

本文通过对我国城市化历程的回顾,分析了我国城市化发展的历史阶段及其特点。在分析我国城市化存在的重大问题的基础上,提出未来城市化发展的新特点、新趋势是发展以中心城市为核心,带动周边中小城市发展为主的模式,指出该发展模式的特点、意义及其政策建议。     

Ecological Race Differences in the Occupational Structure

Motivated by existing work that explores the impact of urbanization and spatial segregation on occupational outcomes, we utilize General Social Survey data from 1990 to 2006 to investigate the interrelationships among race, urbanization, and occupation. Our results indicate that white professionals are associated with several levels of urbanization, while black professionals are weakly associated with any level of urbanization. We also explore other dimensions of stratification by including education and gender into our analyses. Our findings suggest that the relationship between occupation and urbanization is highly complex with some distinctive patterns, and that education—the great equalizer—only partially ameliorates racial and gender differences.     

Temporal effects on biodiversity and composition of arthropod communities along an urban–rural gradient

Global urbanization is rapidly increasing, yet the prevalence of single order and time point studies likely miss important temporal effects of urbanization on entire communities. We studied three sites along a rural–urban gradient in the Seattle metropolitan area with three sampling periods from 2009–2011 to examine how arthropod communities respond to increasing levels of urbanization in a similar habitat type through time. Consistent with previous studies, urban areas contained altered environmental conditions relevant for litter arthropods, and arthropod biodiversity decreased with urbanization. However, urban arthropod biodiversity was not influenced by environmental measures, supporting the idea of an “urban-filter”. Urbanization was not a factor influencing how communities responded to the effect of time, suggesting that other factors (e.g. disturbance) may ultimately be more important for determining patterns of biodiversity through time in urban areas. Finally, our study illustrates urbanization forces can structuring entire arthropod communities similarly through time, having important consequences for our understanding of urbanization’s temporal effects and indirect influence on community interactions and ecosystem processes. As the effects of urbanization will inevitably vary through time, we suggest that multiple time point studies are required to increase our ability to accurately describe arthropod community responses to increasing urbanization.     

略论实现长三角地区城市化与土地供应之间的平衡

本文立足于长江三角洲在全国的重要经济地位和城市化的必要性,针对长三角地区城市化所产生的问题,指出其对长三角和全国经济发展的影响,并根据中央经济工作会议提出的城市化新思路、新战略,对城市化与土地供应的关系进行研究,分析城市化布局错位的现状及产生的问题,重点从大城市与中小城市及小城镇的协调发展、投资人的去向、农民工的流动、农家居的分布等四个方面进行详细解析,指出解决城市化与土地供应平衡的具体措施,从而为下一步更好的推进城市化发展提供思路及建议。     

A comparative study of urban fragmentation patterns in small and mid-sized cities of Idaho

Urbanization has a massive impact on ecological function and impedes the provisioning of environmental services. The interaction between urbanization and the environment has been researched extensively. However, the existing research focused on the urbanization characteristics of large metropolitan areas. In this paper, we investigate the urban fragmentation patterns of small and mid-sized cities in Idaho, USA. To capture the urban morphology for each site within the study we use both concentric ring and transect analysis as well as several spatial/landscape metrics. Our results show that the characteristics of urbanization in small and mid-sized cities (and those in second-tier regions that attract relatively little scholarly attention) are consistent with growth phase theory of urbanization, urbanization along a gradient, and urbanization patterns of metropolises.