社会化经历与本土文化对领导特质形成的影响研究

在研究范式上过于依赖基于问卷测量的统计分析验证,在研究内容上忽视个人社会化经历和文化因素对于领导的影响,是造成现有领导特质理论"片段化"特征明显、特质形成过程不明的主要原因。采用案例分析的方法,通过对组织关键事件中领导与客体互动行为的分析来呈现领导者的特质,并从个体社会化经历和本土文化2个视角阐释了领导特质的形成过程;发现个体社会化经历和本土文化是领导特质来源的2个主要路径,弥补了领导特质理论在此方面的不足,为中国本土化领导研究提供了一个新的视角。     

中国本土领导研究的一种框架及操作:基于张瑞敏个案的研究过程示例

基于对中国本土领导的界定与分析,提出中国本土领导研究的一种框架及操作,即从"领导如何成长、如何发挥作用及领导的本质"3个开放性问题出发,基于质性研究策略,采用以问题导向的探索性建构主义扎根理论方法,对中国本土领导数据进行搜集与整理。借鉴POPPER的4段式科学研究逻辑,对数据进行分析,不断地对问题进行诠释,并发现新的问题,从不断的循环中建构构念,发掘潜在的扎根理论,与现有领导理论进行对比,最终形成中国本土领导理论。     

华人本土组织领导研究的基本脉络与再定位

海外及港台着重文化取向的华人组织领导研究,集中关注于"权力—人情"、"事本主义—特殊主义"2个主要的关系维度,特别是一些本土化取向的研究力图将"关系"与"差序格局"等本土概念深化到组织领导领域之中。这种文化取向的研究立场,忽略了组织外部体制背景或组织场域的差别,也就忽略了对建国后大陆"单位制"的"主从关系"的研究范式。改革开放以来,市场化的体制转型与"单位制"的松动,为考察不同性质的组织领导模式与"关系"形态的成败提供了新的契机,也为文化取向与结构取向的不同研究立场提供了交流对话的可能。     

中国战略管理学的近期发展:一种本土视角的回顾与前瞻

早先"国际"视角的评估认为中国战略管理学仍处于"前现代"阶段,但从本土视角出发对近10年来中国战略理论发展的一个不完全梳理表明,中国战略管理学者在诸如战略领导、战略创新、制度环境与战略、文化环境与战略等问题上提出不少反映中国情境的战略概念,并在"环境-战略-绩效"的基本范式下开始了具有本土意识的问题研究与理论探索.中国战略管理学正处于转型发展的新阶段.在回顾的基础上,对中国本土战略研究的整体发展道路进行了探讨,特别是从中国作为现代战略知识生产的后来者和知识创新的"缄默知识观"出发,提出中国本土战略研究要走"自觉-能力-问题"三要素融合创新之路,即提高本土化研究的意识与自觉、学习经典理论与方法以提高研究能力,以及深入挖掘本土重要战略问题.以海外华人学者对"制度基础观"战略学说的贡献为例,阐述了这一道路的可行性.最后,对新阶段本土化战略研究的5个基本问题和中国战略管理学发展前景进行了展望.     

经济转型与管理创新时期管理学研究回顾与展望——第5届“管理学在中国”学术研讨会述评

第5届"管理学在中国"学术研讨会以"经济转型与管理创新"为大会主题,是中国管理学界在中国乃至世界经济转型与管理创新时期的一次集体性反思与总结。结合大会报告、专题论坛讨论、会议论文以及现场交流情况,从经济转型与管理创新、中国本土管理理论研究、本土领导理论研究进展、政府与非营利组织管理、商业组织研究等方面对本届研讨会上的主要学术观点进行综述和点评。     

圈内人差序格局:本土概念对西方领导理论的扩展

领导-成员交换理论是解读组织中领导与成员关系的重要基石,该理论与本土现象之间的契合度一直受到学界的关注。将嫡系、亲信等带有本土特征的概念引入领导-成员交换理论,提出圈内人差序格局概念,能够在延续既有经典理论框架与视角的同时,实现对领导-成员交换理论的有效扩展,并能够引申出更具特色的本土研究内容。     

领导研究中的“情境”——内容、方法与未来展望

本文对20世纪80年代以来情境相关的中西方领导研究文献进行了全面的分析和综述。首先对近20年来情境相关的领导研究进行了整体性的归纳与总结;然后从组织结构、组织文化、组织氛围及状态、其它组织内部情境和组织外部情境五个方面对领导研究中涉及的情境内容进行了梳理与具体分析,并从"理论的情境化"和"情境的理论化"两个视角对已有领导研究中的情境处理方法进行了探讨;最后进行了总体性评价与讨论,并对未来的研究给出建议。     

机会型领导、幻觉型领导:两个中国本土领导研究的关键构念

简要梳理了英语世界针对领导的"反思-批判性"研究,结合现实经验和理论思考,提出一个由"文化、社会化、组织情境和互动"4个维度构成的中国本土领导分析框架,并围绕"领导与组织成员的互动"归纳了4种领导类型。一方面,"机会型领导"和"幻觉型领导"是有效解释中国组织领导现象的关键构念;另一方面,期望中国本土的领导研究更多从"社会干预"的角度,积极反思文化资源、社会化过程及组织互动,唤醒领导者、组织成员个体的"责任意识",以规避并扼制"机会型领导、幻觉型领导"在社会组织实践中泛滥。     

传统文化基因与中国本土管理研究的对接:现有研究策略与未来探索思路

中华传统文化的独特基因是由核心框架及其应用概念构成的复杂层次结构。为借助独特基因来构建中国本土管理科学,学术界运用了文化核心植入式与文化情境嵌入式2种策略。前者将传统文化的特有基因当作本土管理学的内核植入到现有的西方管理学理论之中,在汲取前人文化精髓的同时,忽略了其与当前管理实践之间的不匹配。后者将文化视为中国本土管理研究中的环境变量,在借鉴西方管理理论与方法的同时,忽视了文化的内生角色。未来应采取将文化当作内生变量的研究策略,秉持辩证的认识论与本体论,逐步实现对传统文化独特基因的现代化解读,择取独特的研究视角,并根据问题来有效选择研究方法,由此扎实推进中国本土管理科学的健康发展。     

本土领导者在应对不确定性中的作用——基于王石案例的扎根分析

运用建构主义扎根理论的方法,基于王石领导活动的质性数据,分析了本土领导者面临的不确定性管理挑战,以及领导者在应对不确定性挑战中发挥的作用,提出了一个本土领导者应对不确定性的作用模型.研究结果表明,在应对环境、组织和领导者个人3个方面不确定性挑战时,本土领导者分别发挥了不同作用,即寻找机遇、把握机遇,关注与响应政策变化、应对竞争环境变化;推动组织进化,调动资源危机处理;收放职位权力,形成领导权威,积累管理经验,开展组织外学习.研究结论对本土企业的管理实践具有一定的启示作用.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Job strain and psychotropic drug use among white-collar workers

The main objective of this study was to measure the association between simultaneous exposure to high psychological demand and low decision latitude at work and the use of psychotropic drugs among white-collar workers. A second objective was to determine whether social support at work modified this association. A cross-sectional study was performed that included 2786 workers from the public sector in the Greater Quebec City area. A self-administered questionnaire was used in order to evaluate psychological demand, decision latitude and social support at work. Psychotropic drug use was measured over a period of 2 days. The prevalence of psychotropic drug use among the participants was found to be 3.9%, even though 20.5% were exposed to job strain. The association between job strain and psychotropic drug use, after adjustment for social support at work, age, gender, education, family income, employment status, occupation, stressful life events, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity, was statistically significant (odds ratio: 4.5, 95% CI 1.7?12.2). Social support did not appear to modify this association. The results of this study suggest that job strain might be a determinant of psychotropic drug use among white collar workers. Social support at work does not appear, however, to modify this association.     

Role clarity, work overload and organizational support: multilevel evidence of the importance of support

The present study extended the demands-control-support model used in occupational stress research in two ways. First, it hypothesized that role clarity (i.e. role ambiguity), like control, would moderate the relationship between demands and psychological strain. Second, the study assessed support (from leaders) as a macro characteristic of the work-group environment. Data were drawn from a large study of US army soldiers, the study sample consisting of 1786 lower enlisted male soldiers. The inclusion of support as a work-group characteristic lead to a multilevel test of the model. A three-way multilevel interaction among work demands, role clarity and support was observed. As predicted, the relationship between demands and psychological strain was moderated by role clarity; however, this moderating relationship was found only when work-group support was high.     

Leadership, levels of analysis, and déjà vu: Modest proposals for taxonomy and cladistics coupled with replication and visualization

In the inaugural issue of LQ's Yearly Review of Leadership, Hunt and Dodge (2000, p. 442) note that, “Within the last two decades, one of the crucial developments in organizational research in general, and in leadership research specifically, is the articulation of specific levels of analysis and their implications for theory building, measurement, and observation.” Their original observations are updated by extending the inferential logic of Yammarino, Dionne, Chun and Dansereau (2005) to determine if any increase in the utilization of a level of analysis perspective has occurred in the last five years. The possible evolution of leadership theory and analysis is discussed, especially with reference to Relational Leadership Theory, Leader–Member Exchange, and Individualized Dyadic Theory. Proposals incorporating taxonomic and visualization tools as a means to help bridge the stakeholder gap are also offered.     

Information Frictions in Trade

It is costly to learn about market conditions elsewhere, especially in developing countries. This paper examines how such information frictions affect trade. Using data on regional agricultural trade in the Philippines, I first document a number of observed patterns in trade flows and prices that suggest the presence of information frictions. I then incorporate information frictions into a perfect competition trade model by embedding a process whereby heterogeneous producers engage in a costly sequential search process to determine where to sell their produce. I show that introducing information frictions reconciles the theory with the observed patterns in the data. Structural estimation of the model finds that information frictions are quantitatively important: roughly half the observed regional price dispersion is due to information frictions. Furthermore, incorporating information frictions improves the out‐of‐sample predictive power of the model.     

The Economics of Density: Evidence From the Berlin Wall

This paper develops a quantitative model of internal city structure that features agglomeration and dispersion forces and an arbitrary number of heterogeneous city blocks. The model remains tractable and amenable to empirical analysis because of stochastic shocks to commuting decisions, which yield a gravity equation for commuting flows. To structurally estimate agglomeration and dispersion forces, we use data on thousands of city blocks in Berlin for 1936, 1986, and 2006 and exogenous variation from the city's division and reunification. We estimate substantial and highly localized production and residential externalities. We show that the model with the estimated agglomeration parameters can account both qualitatively and quantitatively for the observed changes in city structure. We show how our quantitative framework can be used to undertake counterfactuals for changes in the organization of economic activity within cities in response, for example, to changes in the transport network.     

Modelling end-of-life product recovery chains - a case study

European Union legislation, and existing national legislation of many European countries, mandates that manufacturers take back and recover their electronic and electrical equipment. If manufacturers are to comply with legislation, models need to be developed for these activities. Whilst infrastructural and technological deficits exist and must be addressed, so too must the organization of recovery, from a business perspective. In this paper, models of resource recovery are presented and a case study described.