解析中欧关系发展中的人权因素

中国与欧共体建交35年以来,双边关系在总体上健康发展的同时,也出现过短暂的波折和反复,其中人权因素始终对中欧关系产生着深刻的影响.随着<里斯本条约>将人权目标"主流化"到所有对外关系领域,确定在第三国推进尊重人权是其对外活动的总目标,这势必会触及中欧人权分歧.当前中欧关系在附加"人权条款"、中欧人权对话及欧盟对华人权政策等方面可能面临更大的挑战.     

论国权与人权的关系

随着新世纪的来临,西方国家以“天赋人权说”为基础,提出了“人权无国界”、“人权高于主权”等理论,并计划以此作为下个世纪国际秩序的核心思想,为西方的干涉和霸权服务。从理论上搞清国权与人权的关系,成为我国学术界一项十分紧迫的任务。人权不是天赋的,而是国赋的;只有国家或社会共同体的立法和司法制度才是人权的惟一来源和保障。但是,随着时代的发展,人权也具有了某些国际性的方面。人权的国际性方面诸问题的解决,仍应以国家主权为前提和基础,并不能构成对国赋人权的否定。以美国为首的西方国家利用人权的国际性方面推行基于人权理由的新干涉主义,成为冷战后国家主权面临的最大挑战,发展中国家应当有所警惕并提出相应对策。当前,尤其应注意西方国家利用霸权地位向世界灌输其人权理论和人权标准的趋势。我们必须加快建设有中国特色的人权理论的步伐     

当前中国领事保护机制的发展及人权推动因素

当前中国在领事保护上确立了宣传、预警、协调应急、社会配合和业务负责六大机制,推动和完善了中国领事保护机制,使其与国际更为接轨。     

论人权国际法保护的逻辑基础——以米尔恩“低限人权说”展开

米尔恩的人权哲学认为,人权并不是西方竭力宣扬的理想标准概念,而是最低限度道德标准所要求尊重的一些基本权利。虽然人类生活具有多样性,但最低限度的道德标准是共有的,因此是普遍意义上的人权。米尔恩＂低限人权说＂的积极意义在于,其有效协调了＂主权优于人权＂和＂人权优于主权＂的争论,为不同文明圈关于人权国际保护的对话提供理论平台。唯有各国完善人权保障法律体系,尤其是作为国家根本大法的宪法,才能承载人权国际保护重任。     

利益衡平视角下的国际条约优先适用原则

涉外民商事审判的法律适用涉及三个层次的利益:国际社会的利益、国家的利益和当事人的利益。国际条约优先适用原则反映了立法者在这三个层次的利益考量。法官需要明了该原则的利益内涵,从而在具体适用法律时尽量做到三方面利益的平衡。     

论国际投资条约征收条款的适用危机

投资条约中几乎"模板化"的征收条款对间接征收缺乏明确的界定,国际仲裁庭在认定间接征收的过程中却表现得相当积极甚至冒进,导致了东道国对非经济利益的维护同外国私人投资者对经济利益的追求之间的冲突,征收条款正遭遇适用性危机。这种冲突首先引发了东道国管理外资的"寒蝉效应",对东道国的外资管制权力造成了阻遏;其次,它还加剧了东道国履行投资条约义务与非投资条约义务之间的冲突;若最终不能解决国家管制权与投资者财产利益之间的有效平衡,征收条款将不得不面临被包括公平公正待遇在内的其他投资条约条款淡化甚至取代的结局。以征收条款为核心的国际投资机制应当建立在全球社会福利最大化价值理念之上,东道国应被赋予在外资管制方面的充分自主权。可以尝试在投资条约中进一步规定与投资有关的环境和人权的内容,尽量避免条约义务之间的冲突。     

对人权国际保护之完善措施的几点思考

二战后,随着国际人权法的逐步确立,人权的国际保护越来越受到国际社会的普遍关注。虽然目前有国内保护和国际监督两种途径来实现人权的国际保护,但在实践过程中仍出现了诸多问题。究其原因:既有人权国际保护实施措施自身的缺陷及适用范围局限的影响,又存在一些国际政治方面等因素的影响。鉴于此,通过由联合国向各成员国派遣常驻代表的形式来完善人权国际保护的国际监督机制;通过把协商性保护和强制性保护、经济保护和政治保护结合起来以完善人权国际保护的方式。总之,通过上述制度之建构、世界各国积极有效地开展在人权领域方面的国际合作,达到切实推动人权国际保护发展之目的。     

人权的全球化:现实与对策

人权全球化是以人权制度的全球性拓展为基础的,包括人权思想的全球性传播、人权意识的全球性扩张、人权信息的全球性流动、人权理论的全球性交流、人权规范的全球性认同、人权体制的全球性运作的过程与模式。人权的全球化与经济的全球化既有相同点也有不同点。在整个全球化的过程中,经济全球化是核心、是基础。全球化以经济活动的跨地域开展为核心,以谋取利润的原初欲望为基础动力,在贸易、投资、公共事务等领域取得了大范围的成绩。但是,迄今为止,在经济全球化的领域并没有形成具有强制约束力的规范,倒是在人权领域萌生了一些国际强行法。…     

国际法事例中的健康权保障——基于《国际法上作为人权的健康权》的分析

健康权是国际人权法及许多国家宪法所确认的一项基本人权.国家对健康权的义务已经进入了有约束力的国际法领域.国际法层面的健康权保障事例具有开创性和启发性.通过对伯吉特·托贝斯所著的<国际法上作为人权的健康权>一书中列举的健康权事例进行分析可知,健康权在一定意义上指向的是获得健康条件的权利和维持既有健康状况不被恶化的权利;健康权并不是一个只能逐渐实现的积极权利,它也具有可诉性;多种多样的非司法途径也对健康权的保障具有积极的推动作用.     

霸权之后的霸权——国际机制与国家的生存方式

本文主要讨论了国际机制与霸权之间的互动关系,国际机制的类型与国家间利益分配模式的关系。国家在国际机制创设中的不同地位和对国际机制的不同参与程度影响国家间的利益分配。主权国家要学会在国际机制中的生存方式,机制下与机制间的博弈是非霸权国家最为理性的生存之路。     

建立亚洲人权保障机制的尝试

通过介绍建立人权保障机制的开端、有关“路线图”的提案、工作进展、移民劳动者权利的保护、国内人权委员会的合作、东盟宪章的通过等内容,论述了东盟人权保护机制的现有进展情况．在此基础上,还介绍了南亚地区合作联盟的人权条约与社会宪章等内容,最终对东北亚人权保障机制的建设提出了展望。     

The Social System and the Problem of Human Rights

Global processes and changes on a scale previously unknown, the strengthening of the power of world socialism, the class struggle and that for national liberation, the many phenomena, diverse in nature and consequences, of the revolution in science and technology in different socio-economic systems and their impact on the individual, the danger threatening civilization because of the arms race, the growth of means of extermination of human beings and the material conditions for their existence - all of these make the rights of the individual a priority problem in the political and ideological life of our day. (1)     

Individual- and Contextual-Level Factors Affecting the Use of Social Support Services among Older Adults

ABSTRACT

By 2060, the number of Americans aged 65 and older is expected to more than double, while the number of Americans aged 85 and older is expected to nearly triple. As the nation's aging population grows, older adults will need to rely on social support services, such as transportation and housing services, in order to remain active and lead independent lives. In this study we use data collected from the elderly supplement of the Southeastern Pennsylvania Household Health Survey (SPHHS) (n = 3,042) to explore the relationship between the availability of elderly specific social service providers and utilization of social support services among older adults. We find that while the number of elderly specific social service providers can increase use of social support services among older adults, its impact is relatively minimal. We find that individual factors, instead, are stronger predictors of service use. This is a finding that should be particularly encouraging for elder care providers who may not have the resources needed to undertake large structural changes (like building new facilities). Still, future research should explore how the availability of a broader range of elderly specific social services (than explored in this study) impacts use.     

Why Are They Leaving? Factors Affecting Intention to Leave among Social Workers in Child Welfare

This article addresses a topic that has not previously beenresearched in Sweden, i.e. factors associated with the intentionof social workers to leave their place of work. A comprehensivequestionnaire was distributed to 309 social workers in childwelfare in the County of Stockholm (drop-out rate: 3 per cent).The study comprised a total of forty-two workgroups. All thesocial workers handling referrals and investigating the situationof children and youth in these areas were included. One of themost striking results was that although 54 per cent of the socialworkers had been at their current workplace for two years orless, 48 per cent intended to leave their jobs. A logistic regressionanalysis showed that the variable of greatest importance forthe intention to leave the workplace was lack of human resourceorientation within the organization, i.e. the extent to whichpersonnel are rewarded for a job well done, feel well takencare of and where management is interested in their health andwell-being. A final conclusion of this study is that when measuringthe impact of different aspects of work tasks compared withsome aspects of organizational culture, it becomes clear thatthe latter seem to be most important in this respect.     

论人权的道德基础

人类社会的道德原则是由普遍道德与特殊道德结合而成。试图阐述建立在道德基础之上的人权亦是普遍性与特殊性的统一。在人权理论与实践中 ,应当重视道德所起的作用 ,即道德具有逻辑的优先性 ,人权在本质上是道德权利而非法定权利。人权的差异性是由人权的道德基础决定的。     

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and Canadian implementation efforts for indigenous children and youth

Since playing the role of co-host at the 1990 World Summit for Children in New York, Canada has promoted the adoption of the United Nations’ Convention on the Rights of the Child at home and abroad. What impact has this unprecedented international human rights document had on Canadian First Nations, Inuit and other Aboriginal groups? This paper looks at Canada's implementation of this UN Convention, and specifically at Canadian initiatives for indigenous children and youth. The Indian Act, upon which the Canadian government has based its control over Aboriginals since 1876, is explained. Five national organizations representing various Aboriginal perspectives have reviewed the federal government's efforts to honour the World Summit's‘First Call for Children,’ and the emergent issues for at-risk children's programming on- and off-reserve are reviewed. The‘best interests of the child’ ideology that has guided the developed world's notions of children's rights has evolved in a cultural and value-laden context that must now be left for indigenous social scientists, children and youth around the globe to decide for themselves.     

《联合国海洋法公约》退出机制及我国的考量

即使在全球化的时代,国家利益至上仍然是无可厚非的。中国作为《联合国海洋法公约》的签署国,在维护公约精神、履行公约义务的同时,理应享拥公约赋予的权利——国家利益,并得到公约的强力保障。然而,作为折衷产物的《联合国海洋法公约》,在30年的实施过程中,虽建立起了一套新的海洋法律秩序,但“软法”的迹象显现。就我国岛屿争端的现实来看,公约在争端解决上少有效用,我国的海洋权益屡次被声索国恶意利用公约之名侵占。本文就《联合国海洋法公约》退出机制,对我国保留公约缔约国身份的相关问题展开探讨,结论是积极影响与消极影响共存,如果我国与周边国家的矛盾进一步突出,退出公约,可望争取更广大的处理空间。     

国家保护消费者权益的实现机制

保护公民权利是国家的基本责任和义务,消费者的弱势地位决定了需要对其进行专门的倾斜保护。从立法规制来看,消费者权益保护法以公共利益为立法本位,以惩罚性赔偿为调整手段,以消费者权利为立法内容。我国消费者权益保护立法已经比较完善,但消费者权益保护仍面临诸多困境,究其原因就在于执法不力,国家尚未担负起相应的职责。应加大消费信息披露力度,充分保障消费者的知情权;加强消费监管联合执法、协同执法,强化监管部门间的协调与合作;加大消费监管力度,接受投诉后持续跟进。同时,要创新消费者权益保护司法机制,建立健全公益诉讼、集团诉讼、小额诉讼等特殊程序规则。     

自然法思想对人权保障的价值

中外自然法思想的发展都为人权保障奠定了根本的理论基础.该理论基础表现在两个基本方面:一方面主张法不仁不可以为法的改造人为法的先理后法原则;另一方面主张在人我关系领域以自存为原初目的强调人格尊严的个人本位主义。