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1.
This study examines the extent of advocacy in the research articles appearing in the journalSocial Problems from 1953–1992. The Society for the Study of Social Problems (SSSP) was founded in order to counter the mainstream scientism
of the American Sociological Society. Becker’s presidential address to the SSSP in 1966 confronted the issue of advocacy and
the consequences associated with research that does not explicitly “take sides.” The present study investigates advocacy inSocial Problems by means of a typology drawn from Becker’s address. The findings indicate that political advocacy has increased sharply over
the duration ofSocial Problems. Implications of the findings are discussed in the context of value-neutrality and its relation to social problems research. 相似文献
2.
We qualify a social choice correspondence as resolute when its set valued outcomes are interpreted as mutually compatible alternatives which are altogether chosen. We refer to
such sets as “committees” and analyze the manipulability of resolute social choice correspondences which pick fixed size committees.
When the domain of preferences over committees is unrestricted, the Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem—naturally—applies. We show
that in case we wish to “reasonably” relate preferences over committees to preferences over committee members, there is no
domain restriction which allows escaping Gibbard–Satterthwaite type of impossibilities. We also consider a more general model
where the range of the social choice rule is determined by imposing a lower and an upper bound on the cardinalities of the
committees. The results are again of the Gibbard–Satterthwaite taste, though under more restrictive extension axioms. 相似文献
3.
Stephen Pfohl 《The American Sociologist》1990,21(4):331-336
The Society for the Study of Social Problems (SSSP) emerged from a social movement of sociologists who wanted to apply their
social science knowledge to a society riddled by cruel inequities. Recently the distinctive mission of SSSP has come under
scrutiny. The organization must make some structural innovations to generate fresh and critical approaches to contemporary
social problems. These innovations would include: restructuring annual meetings to reflect the urgency of social problems;
being reflexive about forms of knowledge; increasing the interdisciplinary emphasis of research; promoting activism within
society and the social sciences; experimenting with alternative formats of meetings. 相似文献
4.
Popular commentaries suggest that the movement against genetic engineering in agriculture (anti-GE movement) was born in Europe,
rooted in European cultural approaches to food, and sparked by recent food-safety scares such as “mad cow” disease. Yet few
realize that the anti-GE movement's origins date back thirty years, that opposition to agricultural biotechnology emerged
with the technology itself, and that the movement originated in the United States rather than Europe. We argue here that neither
the explosion of the GE food issue in the late 1990s nor the concomitant expansion of the movement can be understood without
recognizing the importance of the intellectual work carried out by a “critical community” of activists during the two-decade-long
period prior to the 1990s. We show how these early critics forged an oppositional ideology and concrete set of grievances
upon which a movement could later be built. Our analysis advances social movement theory by establishing the importance of
the intellectual work that activists engage in during the “proto-mobilizational” phase of collective action, and by identifying
the cognitive and social processes by which activists develop a critical, analytical framework. Our elaboration of four specific
dimensions of idea/ideology formation pushes the literature toward a more complete understanding of the role of ideas and
idea-makers in social movements, and suggests a process of grievance construction that is more “organic” than strategic (pace the framing literature).
Rachel Schurman is Associate Professor of Sociology and Global Studies at the University of Minnesota. Her research interests lie in the
areas of international political economy of food and agriculture, environmental sociology, and social movements. She is co-editor
of Engineering Trouble: Biotechnology and Its Discontents (University of California Press, 2003) and several articles and book chapters on the anti-genetic engineering movement. Her
current book project, with William Munro, explores how organized social resistance to GMOs has shaped the trajectory of agricultural
biotechnology.
William Munro is Associate Professor of Political Science and Director, International Studies Program, at Illinois Wesleyan University.
His research and writing focuses on the politics of agrarian change and state formation in Africa, as well as post-conflict
development. He is the author of The Moral Economy of the State: Conservation, Community Development and State-Making in Zimbabwe (Ohio University Press,1998). He is currently collaborating with Rachel Schurman on a book about social resistance to agricultural
biotechnology. 相似文献
5.
Westermeyer J Canive J Thuras P Thompson J Kim SW Crosby RD Garrard J 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2008,24(2):193-205
Goal This analysis was undertaken to assess the demographic and mental health characteristics of “normal” or non-problem gamblers
versus non-gamblers in a representative community sample. Sample Study participants consisted of 557 North Central American Indian veterans. Data collection included a demographic and trauma questionnaire, a computer-based Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-III-R, and a treatment
history algorithm. Findings Univariate analyses revealed that gamblers had greater social competence (i.e., higher education, living with a spouse) and
higher lifetime psychiatric morbidity. Binary regression analysis revealed that, compared to non-gamblers, gamblers were older,
more highly educated, and more apt to be married. More gamblers showed evidence for lifetime risk-taking as evidenced by Antisocial
Personality Disorder and Tobacco Dependence. Conclusions Social achievement and disposable income function as prerequisites for “normal” gambling in this population, although “externalizing”
or “risk-taking” disorders also serve as independent contributors to at least some gambling. The increased rate of “internalizing”
or emotional disorders are only indirectly related to gambling, perhaps through increasing age or through the “externalizing”
disorders. 相似文献
6.
N. Will Shead David C. Hodgins 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2009,25(3):357-375
Factor scores on a gambling expectancy questionnaire (GEQ) were used to subtype 132 university students who gamble regularly
(37.9% male; M age = 22.6 years, SD = 6.04) as: Reward Expectancy Gamblers (Reward EGs)—have strong expectations that gambling
augments positive mood, Relief Expectancy Gamblers (Relief EGs)—have strong expectations that gambling relieves negative affect,
and Non-Expectancy Gamblers (Non-EGs)—have neither strong expectation. Gambling on a high-low card game was compared across
subtypes following priming for either “relief” or “reward” affect-regulation expectancies with the Scrambled Sentence Test
(SST). The hypothesized Prime type × GEQ subtype interaction was not significant. When a more stringent set of criteria for
GEQ subtyping was imposed, the “purified” sub-sample (n = 54) resulted in the hypothesized statistically significant Prime type × GEQ subtype interaction. Relief EGs gambled more
after being primed with the construct “relief of negative emotions” compared to after being primed with the construct “augmentation
of positive emotion.” Planned orthogonal contrasts showed a significant linear increase in number of bets made across GEQ
subtypes when prime type corresponded to GEQ subtype. The results suggest a need for components in gambling treatment programs
that address clients’ expectancies that gambling can provide a specific desirable emotional outcome. 相似文献
7.
Karla B. Hackstaff 《Qualitative sociology》2009,32(2):173-194
This paper analyzes how ethno-racial standpoints influence the ways that genealogists negotiate and narrate biological and/or
social interpretations of family and social history. A constructivist methodological approach grounds the analysis of three
family genealogists who all have African and European lineages, but differ in their current ethno-racial identities. These
case studies serve as exemplars of how individuals negotiate the racial formation processes of past and present. I suggest
that there is reflexive and political potential in bio-based genealogy to transform our current racial “common sense.” The
practice of genealogy reveals tacit social and biological assumptions that can serve as points of leverage for progressive
social change, and yet vary by standpoint. In the context of the iconic gene we must be vigilant about the threat of genetic
essentialism, yet the threat is mitigated by the simultaneous democratization of our knowledge and control over origin stories.
Karla B. Hackstaff is Associate Professor of Sociology at Northern Arizona University. Her research and teaching are in the areas of family relations, race–gender–class, social psychology, and qualitative methods. She is author of the book Marriage in a Culture of Divorce (Temple, 1999), continues to conduct research on family relations, and is currently working on the meanings of age, illness, and injury in family relations. 相似文献
Karla B. HackstaffEmail: |
Karla B. Hackstaff is Associate Professor of Sociology at Northern Arizona University. Her research and teaching are in the areas of family relations, race–gender–class, social psychology, and qualitative methods. She is author of the book Marriage in a Culture of Divorce (Temple, 1999), continues to conduct research on family relations, and is currently working on the meanings of age, illness, and injury in family relations. 相似文献
8.
The object of this paper is to propose a consistency test for an individual involved in collective choice process. Collective choice processes considered in the paper are those that
transform individuals ‘tastes’– which reflect the self-interested view point of the individuals – into (social) ranking of alternatives. In addition to
her tastes, an individual has values about the way by which collective decision should be made. We distinguish two categories of such values. First, there are
end-values that restrict the class of social rankings that the individual considers ethically acceptable. Second there are aggregation-values that specify the way by which the social ranking should depend upon the individuals tastes. The consistency test stands on
an hypothetical operation of universalization of the individual tastes to everyone. Five illustrations of the potential usefulness of our approach for interpreting social
choice theory and welfare economics are proposed. These illustrations deal with utilitarian aggregation in the presence of
income inequality aversion, the so-called ‘ethics of responsibility’ and the aggregation of individual ranking of opportunity
sets based on their freedom of choice. A discussion of the relevance of the consistency test for addressing the problem of
‘laundering’ individual preferences is also provided.
Received: 25 June 1998/Accepted: 16 March 1999 相似文献
9.
Hervé Moulin 《Social Choice and Welfare》2010,34(2):193-216
We construct a variant of the Vickrey auction of a single object where the surplus is split in exogenously fixed shares between
the seller and the buyers, up to a margin of error vanishingly exponentially as the number of buyers grows. When the object
is the common property of the participants, we can similarly construct VCG mechanisms with a vanishingly small cash transfer
to the residual claimant. For any integer q, 3 ≤ q ≤ n, we find the mechanism guaranteeing to each participant a fair share of the qth highest valuation, while minimizing the worst possible ratio of the cash transfer to the efficient surplus. We perform
a parallel analysis when the object is undesirable. We compare the cash lost to the largest spread between individual valuations,
and obtain the same trade-offs between fairness and the relative loss of surplus. 相似文献
10.
Pablo Amorós 《Social Choice and Welfare》2009,33(4):521-532
The unequivocal majority of a social choice rule is a number of agents such that whenever at least this many agents agree
on the top alternative, then this alternative (and only this) is chosen. The smaller the unequivocal majority is, the closer
it is to the standard (and accepted) majority concept. The question is how small can the unequivocal majority be and still
permit the Nash-implementability of the social choice rule; i.e., its Maskin-monotonicity. We show that the smallest unequivocal
majority compatible with Maskin-monotonicity is
n-
ë \fracn-1m
û{n-\left\lfloor \frac{n-1}{m} \right\rfloor} , where n ≥ 3 is the number of agents and m ≥ 3 is the number of alternatives. This value is equal to the minimal number required for a majority to ensure the non-existence
of cycles in pairwise comparisons. Our result has a twofold implication: (1) there is no Condorcet consistent social choice
rule satisfying Maskin-monotonicity and (2) a social choice rule satisfies k-Condorcet consistency and Maskin-monotonicity if and only if
k 3 n-
ë \fracn-1m
û{k\geq n-\left\lfloor \frac{n-1}{m}\right\rfloor}. 相似文献
11.
In Harsanyi's impartial observer theorem, an impartial observer determines a social ordering of the lotteries on the set
of social alternatives based on a sympathetic but impartial concern for all individuals in society. This ordering is derived
from a more primitive ordering on the set of all extended lotteries. An extended lottery is a lottery which determines both the observer's personal identity and the social
alternative. We establish a version of Harsanyi's theorem in which the observer is only required to have preferences on the
extended lotteries in which there is an equal chance of being any person in society.
Received: 19 June 1996 / Accepted: 30 December 1996 相似文献
12.
13.
Joseph R. DeMartini 《The American Sociologist》1987,18(1):28-31
Examining the question of graduate education in sociology raises issues about the way we perceive our discipline and its future.
Multiple theoretical perspectives and applied vs. basic interests need not fractionate the discipline if we orient ourselves
to those skills which comprise the essence of sociological work; and the idea of a disciplinary core will be more easily operationalized
if we construct graduate curricula with these skills in mind. How we practice our discipline will be a far more significant
determinant of both its future and the content of graduate training than our normative pronouncements about what ought to
be.
His recent publications, both with Les Whitbeck, include “Knowledge Use as Knowledge Creation” inKnowledge (1986), and “Sources of Knowledge for Practice” in theJournal of Applied Behavioral Science (forthcoming). 相似文献
14.
On the occasion of the re-publication of Erving Goffman’s Relations in Public: Microstudies of the Public Order, including the remarkable appendix, “Insanity of Place,” the authors propose new ways of reading Goffman’s work in order
to highlight his attention to havoc and containment. Goffman’s “Insanity of Place,” explores the phenomenon of mental illness
by asserting that it is an instance of havoc, a symbolic and practical condition that disrupts the social order of life, and
one that must be contained. By situating this essay at the center of Goffman’s oeuvre they examine Goffman’s “philosophy of
containment,” and trace its trajectory from Asylums, Stigma and “The Insanity of Place” to its full crystallization in Frame Analysis. The authors offer a generative reading of havoc and containment in order to understand the incoherence, irrationality, unreason,
incomprehensibility and unbearableness of social life and the imperative to preserve social order from collapsing, dissolving
or imploding. This reading enables us to see the cracks in the social order and understand containment as the constant effort
exerted to recuperate transgressions and deviations back into that order. Goffman’s analysis becomes an opening into engagements
with the work of Judith Butler and Michel Foucault around the notion of the normative order and the issues of containment
and transgression. Thinking through Goffman’s philosophy of containment as the framework for an analysis of socialization,
normalization, and social ordering affords an approach to thinking macro-micro linkages of order and instability that confront
both our contemporary society and the discipline of sociology. 相似文献
15.
Seán Ó Riain 《Theory and Society》2006,35(5-6):507-528
This article advances the concept of “time–space intensification” as an alternative to existing notions of time–space distanciation, compression and embedding that attempt to capture the restructuring of time and space in contemporary advanced capitalism. This concept suggests time and space are intensified in the contemporary period – the social experience of time and space becomes more explicit and more crucial to socio-economic actors’ lives, time and space are mobilized more explicitly in individual and corporate action, and the institutionalization of time and space becomes more politicized. Drawing on Polanyi’s concepts of fictitious commodities and the double movement, and developing them through an analysis of work organization and economic development in the Irish software industry, the article argues that the concept of time–space intensification can add significantly to our understanding of key features of the restructuring of the temporal and spatial basis of economic development and work organization. 相似文献
16.
Carmelo Rodríguez-Álvarez 《Social Choice and Welfare》2007,29(2):175-199
Duggan and Schwartz (Soc Choice and Welfare 17: 85–93, 2000) have proposed a generalization of the Gibbard–Satterthwaite Theorem to multivalued social choice rules.
They show that only dictatorial rules are strategy-proof and satisfy citizens sovereignty and residual resoluteness. Citizens sovereignty requires that each alternative is chosen at some preference profile. Residual resoluteness compels
the election to be single-valued when the preferences of the voters are “similar”. We propose an alternative proof to the
Duggan and Schwartz’s Theorem. Our proof highlights the crucial role of residual resoluteness. In addition, we prove that
every strategy-proof and onto social choice correspondence concentrates the social decision power in the hands of an arbitrary group of voters. Finally,
we show that this result still holds in a more general framework in which voters report their preferences over sets of alternatives. 相似文献
17.
Hervé Crès 《Social Choice and Welfare》2006,27(2):377-406
A simple parametric general equilibrium model with S states of nature and K < S firms is considered. Since markets are incomplete, at a (financial) equilibrium shareholders typically disagree on whether to keep or not the status quo production plans. Hence each firm faces a genuine problem of social choice. The setup proposed in the present paper allows to study these problems within a classical (Downsian) spatial voting model. Given the multidimensional nature of the latter, super majority rules with rate
are needed to guarantee existence of politically stable production plans. A simple geometric argument is proposed showing why a 50%-majority stable production equilibrium exists when K=S−1. When the degree of incompleteness is more severe, under more restrictive assumptions on agents’ preferences and the distribution of agents’ types, equilibria are shown to exist for rates ρ smaller than Caplin and Nalebuff (Econometrica 59: 1–23, 1991) bound of 0.64: they obtain for production plans whose span contains the ‘ideal securities’ of all K mean shareholders.Hervé Crès is a member of the GREGHEC, unité CNRS, UMR 2959. 相似文献
18.
In this paper we analyze the relationship between social decision functions (SDF) and fixed agenda social choice correspondences
(fixed agenda SCC), satisfying some rationality conditions (such as Pareto, Independence, Monotonicity, Neutrality or Anonimity),
with the aim of translating known results on the existence of individuals with veto power into the fixed agenda framework (e.g., Blair and Pollak [2], Blau and Deb [3], …). In order to do this, a new independence
condition (which we call Pseudo-Independence), as well as a notion of veto power, are introduced in the context of fixed agenda SCC. The conclusion is that, by fixing the agenda, under Independence and
Pareto assumptions, the existence of individuals with veto power cannot be avoided.
Received: 6 November 1995 / Accepted: 9 September 1997 相似文献
19.
Ashraf Kazemi Hasan Eftekhar Ardabili Soheila Solokian 《Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal》2010,27(6):395-403
This study is to determine the association between parenting style of mothers and the social competence of their adolescent
daughters in effective communication, problem solving skills and use of basic social skills dimensions. The data were gathered
for the mean age of 11–15 years on 737 Iranian adolescent girls in a cross sectional study design. The parenting style of
mothers was based on their demand and responsiveness. These scales classified mothers into four parenting styles as follows:
authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, or neglectful. The social competence was also categorized into effective relationship,
problem solving skills, use of basic social skills dimensions. The mean scores of the adolescents’ social competence whose
mothers had permissive and authoritative parenting style was higher than that for the two other groups for all the dimensions
(p < 0.05). The results showed that with the expectation of controlling roles, the supportive role of mothers can be more effective
in providing opportunities for social competence performance. 相似文献
20.
Gunnar L. H. Svendsen 《Theory and Society》2006,35(1):39-70
In recent years, the concept of social capital – broadly defined as co-operative networks based on regular, personal contact
and trust – has been widely applied within cross-disciplinary human science research, primarily by economists, political scientists
and sociologists. In this article, I argue why and how fieldwork anthropologists should fill a gap in the social capital literature
by highlighting how social capital is being built in situ. I suggest that the recent inventions of “bridging” and “bonding” social capital, e.g., inclusive and exclusive types of
social capital, are fruitful concepts to apply in an anthropological fieldwork setting. Thus, my case study on the relationship
between local people and newcomers in the rural Danish marginal municipality of Ravnsborg seeks to reveal processes of bridging/bonding
social capital building. Such a case study at the micro level has general policy implications for a cultural clash between
two different groups by demonstrating the complexity of a social capital mix where bonding social capital strongly prevails.
This ultimately leads to a “social trap” (Rothstein 2005), implying widespread distrust and serious social and economic costs
for a whole population.
Gunnar Lind Haase Svendsen is Senior Researcher, at the Institute of Rural Research and Development, Southern University of Denmark. He is the co-author,
with G. T. Svendsen, of The Creation and Destruction of Social Capital: Entrepreneurship, Co-operative Movements and Institutions (Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK, 2004, Paperback edition, October 2005); and author of Samarbejde og konfrontation. Opbygning og nedbrydning af social kapital i de danske landdistrikter 1864–2003 [Cooperation and Confrontation. The Creation and Destruction of Social Capital in Rural Denmark 1864–2003], Ph.D. dissertation,
University of Sourthern Denmark, Esbjerg, 2004: http://www.humaniora.sdu.dk/phd/dokumenter/filer/Afhandlinger-30.pdfg. Gunnar
Svendsen's scholarly interests include Bourdieusian Economics (new socioeconomics), capital theory, social capital, rural
civic movements, and rural discourses. He has recently finished a research project for the Danish Ministry of the Interior
about the role of intangible assets (culture, networks, and historical traditions) for differences in economic performance
(DEP) among four Danish local communities. 相似文献