THE ORGANIZATION OF THE INNOVATION INDUSTRY: ENTREPRENEURS,VENTURE CAPITALISTS,AND OLIGOPOLISTS

We construct a model where incumbents can either acquire basic innovations from entrepreneurs, or wait and acquire developed innovations from entrepreneurial firms supported by venture capitalists. We show that venture‐backed entrepreneurial firms have an incentive to overinvest in development vis à vis incumbents due to strategic product market effects on the sales price of a developed innovation. This will trigger preemptive acquisitions by incumbents, thus increasing the reward for entrepreneurial innovations. We also show that venture capital can emerge in equilibrium if venture capitalists have cost advantages, or if development is associated with double moral hazard problems. (JEL: G24, L1, L2, M13, O3)     

International alliance formation and stock market responses:: Industry globalization as an environmental contingency

This study examines the effects of the degree of industry globalization on international alliance formation in terms of the type of alliance chosen by partner firms and stock market responses to the chosen type of alliance. Using a sample of 244 international alliances formed between U.S. and non-U.S. firms for the 1992–97 period, we find that nonjoint venture (joint venture) alliances take place relatively more frequently in global (multidomestic) industries than in multidomestic (global) industries. We also find that in global industries, abnormal returns to nonjoint venture partners are relatively greater than those to joint venture partners, whereas in multidomestic industries, abnormal returns to nonjoint venture partners are relatively smaller, though insignificant, than those to joint venture partners. Our findings suggest that the degree of industry globalization plays an important role in explaining which type of international alliance is likely to be chosen by partner firms when entering an alliance and how stock markets tend to respond to the chosen type of alliance.     

风险投资业发展的制度环境与实证研究

从美国风险投资行业发展过程来看,风险资本在地域分布上呈现出显著的集聚特征,并形成强劲、持续竞争优势的现象。国外学者对高新技术产业集聚现象进行了大量的研究,并逐渐形成了企业集群竞争理论。然而这些研究对金融机构、尤其是风险投资机构在区域创新体系中的作用以及所依赖的制度环境却较少涉及。对此,本文从分析风险资本集聚现象入手,探究风险投资制度所依赖的制度环境。     

风险投资后期进入对企业创新绩效的影响研究--选择效应抑或增值效应?

由于上市带来的财富效应高于培育创新型企业的增值效应,中国资本市场信息不对称高,知识产权保护较弱,现阶段中国风险投资主要集中于创新型企业后期进入。本文首先用描述性统计揭示了中国风险投资后期进入创新型企业的特征;其次,阐述了中国风险投资后期进入对企业创新选择效应和增值效应的影响机理;最后,以创业板2009-2014年上市企业为例,采用双重差分倾向得分匹配法(PSM-DID),验证风险投资后期进入对创新型企业研发投入和研发绩效的影响,研究结果表明:后期进入的风险投资进入创新型企业前,对研发投入具有显著的选择效应,但对专利申请量的选择效应不显著;后期进入的风险投资进入后,对研发投入和专利申请量的增值效应均不显著。     

考虑决策者后悔规避的风险投资项目选择方法

在风险投资项目选择过程中,决策者通常是有限理性的,会尽量避免选择可能会令其感到后悔的风险投资项目,而在涉及多个行业的风险投资项目选择过程中如何考虑决策者后悔规避的心理行为因素,这方面的研究特别需要关注。本文提出了一种涉及多个行业的考虑决策者后悔规避的风险投资项目选择方法。在该方法中,首先计算各风险投资项目在不同市场状态下的项目价值;然后,计算各组合市场状态发生的概率;进一步地,构建后悔函数刻画决策者后悔的心理感知,并通过计算不同行业的各风险投资项目的综合效用值得到风险投资项目的排序结果。最后,通过一个算例说明了本文提出方法的可行性与有效性。     

基于差异产品的外资渗透、私有化程度与社会福利研究

考虑到企业产品差异性、企业的私有化程度、外国资金的渗透等因素,研究了伯川德竞争情形下私有化程度、外资渗透与社会福利之间的关系以及私有化程度、外资渗透对混合双寡头市场的影响。首先建立混合双寡头的伯川德竞争模型,得出伯川德均衡解,然后在社会福利最大化下分产品为替代产品和互补产品两种情形分别得出了最优私有化程度的解,进而分析了外资渗透（或国内控股）对私有化程度与混合双寡头市场的影响。研究表明,生产替代性产品的企业进行价格竞争时,部分私有化企业为纯公共企业时社会福利达到最大,企业国内控股比例的增加将增大最优社会福利;生产互补性产品的企业在价格竞争下,实行国有企业公司制股份制改革时社会福利达到最大,并且国内控股比例的增加将降低最佳私有化程度,社会福利最大化下政府要鼓励产品多样化和减少国外资金的渗透。从整个社会和企业角度看,国有企业股份制改革策略为最佳策略。     

风险投资的地理亲近：对中国风险投资的实证研究

风险投资的地理亲近是指风险投资机构倾向于投资其所在地周边的企业。利用CVSource数据库,搜集2010年至2012年623家风险投资机构对1 020家企业的2 973轮风险投资交易事件信息,采用1：1配伍设计,运用STATA进行relogit回归分析,研究空间距离对投资交易达成可能性的影响。研究结果表明,随着两地空间距离的增加,风险投资交易达成的可能性降低,投资金额对空间距离与投资发生可能性之间关系起倒U形的调节作用,风险投资机构的经验调节二者之间的反向作用,经验丰富的风险投资机构不很在意目标企业的位置,其经验可以在某种程度上消除距离带来的不利影响。     

产品市场竞争优势、资本结构与商业信用支持——基于中国上市公司的实证研究

以2005年-2013年中国上市公司为样本,探讨产品市场竞争优势的含义及度量方法,产品市场竞争优势对企业资本结构与商业信用支持的影响,以及宏观、行业和微观因素如何发挥调节作用.研究发现:第一,产品市场竞争优势有助于降低企业的负债水平,并刺激企业对上下游企业提供更多的商业信用支持;第二,在经济越发达的地区、竞争强度越弱的行业,以及民营控股上市公司中,产品市场竞争优势会进一步降低企业的负债水平,同时加强其对上下游企业的商业信用支持.研究结论为从理论上更加全面和准确地理解产品市场竞争优势与企业资本结构和商业信用支持的关系提供了新的科学依据.     

Human capital and agency effects on CEO compensation of IPO biopharmaceutical firms and the market’s response

This paper examines the determinants of base pay and total incentive compensation packages of CEOs of biopharmaceutical firms that have recently gone public, and whether human capital and agency factors affect the market’s response to the initial public offering. We find that in terms of net proceeds, the IPO market appears to reward the firms that have founder-CEOs and CEOs with higher incentive compensation. CEOs with prior venture capital experience are associated with receiving higher incentive compensation, while CEOs with a greater ownership interest in the firm receive lower incentive compensation but higher salaries. CEOs of firms with a greater percentage of insiders are associated with lower salaries. The results should add to our understanding related to human capital and agency theories, as well as help firms and investors better understand and structure CEO compensation.     

What affects new venture firm’s innovation more in corporate venture capital?

Although corporate venture capital (CVC) is a potential source of innovation, few studies have directly examined the impact of a parent company’s knowledge and resources on a new venture firm’s innovation performance. This article investigates the impact of experience with parent’s alliance and investment intensity on the extent to which new ventures in the U.S. use their parents’ knowledge and financial resources for their innovation activities at the inception of the CVC relationship over a 44-year period. Our findings suggest that ventures with alliance experience draw more on collaboration knowledge and relational capital, while investment intensity also increases innovation. At a low level of investment complexity, the use of alliance experience and investment intensity is positively related to innovation performance. However, when a parent company has high investment complexity for innovation performance, investment intensity and alliance experience are less effective. Our results, thus, unveil the CVC backing associated with the innovation of new venture firms.     

QUALITY,TECHNOLOGY, AND GLOBAL MANUFACTURING

It has been more than a decade since the quality movement was reborn in U.S. industry, and there is widespread dissatisfaction with the results of some of these programs. At the same time, product and service R&D is on the rise. These trends are incorporated here into an extension of the Utterback-Abernathy model to examine the quality, technology, and performance relationship. Six hundred durable goods firms in 20 countries were surveyed and it was found that technology significantly moderated the association of R&D intensity and total quality management (tqm) with market share, controlling for industry category. In high technology firms, R&D intensity was significantly associated with market share; in low technology firms, tqm was significantly associated with market share. R&D intensity and tqm were significantly and inversely related, while R&D intensity and computer-aided manufacturing (cam) were significantly and directly related.     

创业投资引导基金补偿机制对创投机构网络位置的影响研究

随着创投市场的网络化趋势越来越突出,提升网络位置成为创投机构的重要竞争战略之一。论文基于激励视角研究创业投资引导基金(简称引导基金)补偿机制对创投机构网络位置的影响。通过私募通数据库搜集大样本数据构造匹配样本,使用双重差分模型,研究结论表明:(1)引导基金参股时为私人资本提供收益补偿、固定收益补偿、或者收益补偿加上固定收益补偿会提升创投机构的网络位置,为私人资本提供亏损补偿、亏损补偿加上固定收益补偿、或者亏损补偿加上收益补偿加上固定收益补偿则不会提升创投机构的网络位置;(2)相比于参股国有背景创投机构而言,引导基金参股非国有背景创投机构时提供收益补偿、固定收益补偿、或者收益补偿加上固定收益补偿对网络位置的提升作用更明显。论文拓宽了创投机构提升网络位置的战略选择,对引导基金主管部门选择补偿机制也有一定的参考意义。     

资金约束条件下的垄断企业策略性退出模型研究

传统的垄断企业退出模型没有考虑资金约束问题,通过研究双寡头企业在资金约束条件下如何从需求不断萎缩的产业退出的问题:首先描述了双寡头垄断企业策略性退出的基本模型,然后引入资金约束变量,分析企业资金实力如何影响和决定退出时机和顺序。结果表明,虽然不具备策略优势并且也将在消耗战中遭受损失,但雄厚的资金实力能保证企业在退出博弈中胜出,并且获得最后的垄断利润。因此,拥有雄厚资金实力的垄断企业的最优策略通常是继续保留在市场中,而不是传统模型中所指出的由于不具有策略优势而最先退出。     

我国公司A+H交叉上市的溢出效应分析

交叉上市对一国国内市场和国内公司的发展有重要的影响.本文通过实证考察我国公司以A H方式交叉上市对A股市场的影响,揭示了我国交叉上市的溢出效应.研究结果显示,A H交叉上市对A股市场的影响主要表现在资金分流效应(市场扩容)的负面影响上,分散风险效应等正面影响尚未有效发挥作用.因此,监管层在推出海外上市公司回国交叉上市的鼓励政策时,至少在短期内必须考虑内地市场对扩容的承受能力.     

UK International Joint Ventures with the Triad: Evidence for the 1990s

This paper identifies and analyses some basic trends and patterns in international joint venture activity between UK firms and partner firms located in the Triad (North America, Western Europe and Japan) over the 1990–96 period. Several dimensions of UK international joint venture activity are examined: trends over time, geographic distribution of foreign partners, industry characteristics, the purpose of the venture, the number of partners and the UK partners' equity shareholding. The study serves to update and extend previous analyses of UK international joint venture activity with partners from developed market economies.     

The syndication of venture capital investments

This paper examines competing finance, resource-based and deal flow explanations for the syndication of venture capital investments. Evidence from 60 firms (a 58.8% response rate) is analysed. Overall the finance perspective provides a strong explanation of motives for syndication, but the resource-based view is found to be much more important for those firms involved in at least some early stage transactions. The implications for researchers are that venture capital firms should not be treated as a homogeneous group and that the investment stages in which they operate may strongly influence attitudes towards syndication. In addition, there are implications for practitioners as venture capital firms may not be attributing sufficient attention to the need to augment their own resource base in order to enable them to make superior decisions when selecting deals and managing investments.     

Effect of R&D expenditures and funding strategies on the market value of biotech firms

Market value of biotech firms is important to investors and venture capitalists who keep this industry alive and dynamic. It is a particularly valuable index of investors' estimate of current and future success of the firms in this industry because other conventional indices of performance and success are inappropriate. Our hypothesis is that market value in this industry can be explained in terms of funding strategies and R&D expenditures. Using all sixty publicly-held biotech firms, that are included in a national directory for such firms engaged in the research of biotech products for human use, we estimate multiple regression models that explain most of the variance in market value using funding strategies and R&D expenditures (R-squared = 0.93). Our models also demonstrated that small biotech firms (< $10 million in total revenue) are substantially different from larger ones.     

The interaction between stock prices and corporate investment: is Europe different?

I find limited evidence of firm learning from stock prices in Europe and uncover multifaceted complementarities between firm informational and operating environments in determining investment sensitivity to stock prices. Specifically, European firms seemingly do not shift away from their own (peer) stock prices even in instances in which their peers’ (own) stock prices become relatively more informative about firms’ fundamentals. This is consistent with European managers adopting more conservative strategies relative to their U.S.-based peers, and stock prices being less revealing in Europe than in the U.S. Furthermore, while a firm may attach equal weight to both its own stock prices and peer price innovations when peer firms are relatively smaller, investment responds more positively to peers’ price shocks than to that firm’s own stock prices when peers are relatively larger. Interestingly, investment sensitivity to peers’ stock prices decreases in peers’ market share, operating performance, and capital intensity. The decrease is accentuated when peer firms have more informative stock prices and are industry leaders or more capital intensive, thereby signaling perceived reduced growth opportunities. Broadly, these results imply that the specifics of the interaction between stock prices and firm behavior in the U.S. do not necessarily generalize to Europe. More important, these different learning patterns are partly attributable to differences in the amount of internal information, which in turn depends on country-level institutional infrastructures.     

经济政策不确定性与风险承担:基于风险投资的证据

将经济政策不确定性引入风险投资的决策模型,从理论上证明经济政策不确定性既直接降低风险承担,也负向影响风险投资退出绩效间接降低风险承担.利用1996年~2016年中国经济政策不确定性与风险投资的匹配数据,实证结果支持理论预期.研究发现,经济政策不确定性较高时,风险承担显著更低,表现为风险投资对早期阶段企业和高科技企业的投资比例下降.退出绩效在经济政策不确定性与风险承担之间具有中介作用.经济政策不确定性较高时,风险投资通过IPO或者并购成功退出的交易数目更少、退出期限更长、退出收益更低,因而降低风险承担研究表明,为引导风险投资支持早期高科技企业,除通过财政、税收等政策扶 持奖励风险投资外,政府有必要维持相关政策的稳定性和延续性.     

风险投资机构的网络位置对IPO期限的影响

研究了风险投资机构的网络位置对IPO期限的影响作用与影响机理。运用清科数据库2000年1月1日至2010年12月31日的数据,研究发现风险投资机构的网络位置对IPO期限有显著影响--风险投资机构的网络中心性越高,IPO速度越快。为进一步揭示影响机理,以Heckman模型为基础构建了一个两步回归模型。回归结果表明：网络中心性高的风险投资机构既可以选择到高质量的风险项目,也可以为所投资的风险项目提供高质量的增值服务,因而可以实现更快的IPO。