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1.
Mark J. Ahlseen 《Journal of Labor Research》1990,11(3):337-346
This study examines the effect of unions on labor’s share of income. Because economic conditions within each industry are
important in addressing this issue, this analysis incorporates a more disaggregated approach than has been previously used.
Cross-sectional data for the 1950s — a period of more stable unionization — permit an examination of the long-run effect of
wage increases on labor’s share. The empirical analysis suggests that higher labor prices have no long-run impact on labor’s
share in manufacturing. 相似文献
2.
Chandra Mukerji 《Theory and Society》2011,40(3):223-245
In seventeenth-century France, Colbert built a more effective state administration not by rationalizing state offices but
by using public documents to increase the government’s intellectual capacity to exercise logistical power and engage in territorial
governance. This pattern calls into question Weber’s model of the genesis of “modern officialdom,” suggesting that its source
was not social rationalization, but rather the identification and management of expertise. Colbert recruited into government
nascent technocrats with knowledge useful to territorial politics, using contracts and other documents to limit their independence
and subordinate them to patrimonial authorities. They exercised specific duties and impersonal powers in jurisdictional areas—much
like modern technocrats. Their expertise enhanced the intellectual capacity of the administration to exercise territorial
power and made the state less dependent on patrimonial clienteles without challenging the patrimonial culture of power/knowledge. 相似文献
3.
Giuliana Urso 《Transition Studies Review》2009,16(3):779-790
The article proposes an interview with Mr. M. Baldwin Edwards—director of the Mediterranean migration observatory (MMO) based
in Athens—made in January 2007. Interview object was the analysis of the way Greece faced the Albanian migration flow in the
90s. Critically he points out the actors, the strategies, the historical and sociological reasons of this response. The protection
of human rights and the role of the European Union are also pointed out. The overall picture gives the impression of a Greek
answer that makes a confusion between a ‘border policy’ and a ‘migration policy’ leading to a (more or less conscious) ‘non
immigration policy’. 相似文献
4.
Thomas Medvetz 《Qualitative sociology》2010,33(4):549-562
This research note uses in-depth interviews, ethnographic observations, and archival records to examine the self-understandings
of think tank-affiliated policy experts. I argue that policy experts draw on a series of idioms—those of the academic scholar,
the political aide, the entrepreneur, and the media specialist—to construct a unique albeit synthetic professional identity.
The essence of the policy expert’s role lies in a continuous effort to balance and reconcile the contradictory imperatives
associated with these idioms. An analysis of the policy expert’s mixed “professional psyche” offers a useful point of entry
into the objective social structure of the think tank. 相似文献
5.
In this article, I attempt to address some enduring problems in formulation and practical use of the notion of structure in
contemporary social science. I begin by revisiting the question of the fidelity of Anthony Giddens’ appropriation of the idea
of structure with respect to Levi-Strauss. This requires a reconsideration of Levi-Strauss’ original conceptualization of
“social structure” which I argue is a sort of “methodological structuralism” that stands sharply opposed to Giddens’ ontological
reconceptualization of the notion. I go on to show that Bourdieu’s contemporaneous critique of Levi-Strauss is best understood
as an attempt to recover rather than reject the central implication of Levi-Strauss’ methodological structuralism, which puts
Bourdieu and Giddens on clearly distinct camps in terms of their approach toward the idea of structure. To demonstrate the—insurmountable—conceptual
difficulties inherent in the ontological approach, I proceed by critically examining what I consider to be the most influential
attempt to resolve the ambiguities in Giddens structuration theory: Sewell’s argument for the “duality of structure.” I show
that by retaining Giddens’ ontological focus, Sewell ends up with a notion of structure that is at its very core “anti-structuralist”
or only structuralist in a weak sense. I close by considering the implications of the analysis for the possibility of developing
the rather neglected “methodological structuralist” legacy in contemporary social analysis. 相似文献
6.
This article argues that Alfred Chandler's analysis of the British firm cannot be transposed to the very different context
of non-profit organisations in Britain. Both in relation to charitable non-profit organisations and mutual benefit organisations,
Chandler's theory of the development of firms does not help explain organisational development. The main thrust of the argument
is that the explanation for the smaller size of charitable non-profits in Britain than in America is largely institutional
and partly socio-cultural; the explanation does not lie in any failure in Britain to adopt new techniques of management and
organisation. With mutual benefit non-profits, a rather different account is presented. ‘Mutuals’ which had a strong fraternal
element were relatively more successful in Britain than in America, although there is less difference between the two countries
with regard to ‘non-fraternal’ mutuals. Once again, it is argued that institutional and socio-cultural factors—rather than
the factors identified by Chandler—account for this.
I wish to thank Desmond King for his helpful comments on an earlier version of this essay. 相似文献
7.
The political liberalism of professors—an important occupational group and anomaly according to traditional theories of class
politics—has long puzzled sociologists. This article sheds new light on the subject by employing a two-step analytic procedure.
In the first step, we assess the explanatory power of the main hypotheses proposed over the last half century to account for
professors’ liberal views. To do so, we examine hypothesized predictors of the political gap between professors and other
Americans using General Social Survey data pooled from 1974–2008. Results indicate that professors are more liberal than other
Americans because a higher proportion possess advanced educational credentials, exhibit a disparity between their levels of
education and income, identify as Jewish, non-religious, or non-theologically conservative Protestant, and express greater
tolerance for controversial ideas. In the second step of our article, we develop a new theory of professors’ politics on the
basis of these findings (though not directly testable with our data) that we think holds more explanatory promise than existing
approaches and that sets an agenda for future research. 相似文献
8.
This study investigates the impact of two alternative forms of arbitration — conventional arbitration and final-offer arbitration
— and whether or not prearbitration bargaining information is available to the arbitrator on negotiation behavior and outcomes.
Contrary to Wheeler’s prediction, participants anticipating closed-offer arbitration neither conceded more nor reached more
settlements than did participants anticipating open-offer arbitration. Participants anticipating final-offer arbitration made
a greater final concession than did participants anticipating conventional arbitration. 相似文献
9.
For decades Durkheim’s theory of suicide has been tested and found wanting. Yet, rather than being consigned to the dust-bin
of history, it lives on and is pointed to as an exemplar of the powers of sociological theory and research. If this rationalizing
and/or dismissal of so many falsifications of the theory were an isolated phenomenon, it might be evidence of some lemming-like
propensity for suicide or a disciplinary death-wish, among a few sociologists. But it appears to be a much more widespread
and common occurrence. In this paper we explore some possible explanations of this ‘falsification denial’—‘The Social Misconstruction
of Reality’ (Hamilton 1996), ‘When Prophecy Fails’ (Festinger et al. 1956), ‘Underdetermination’ (Duhem 1954; Quine Journal of Philosophy 67:178–183, 1970, Erkenntnis 9:313–328, 1975; Lakatos 1970), and ‘Boundary Maintenance’ (Erikson 1966), and we outline some of the more important and pernicious consequences of this falsification denial for the discipline and
future of sociology. 相似文献
10.
Louis Kontos 《The American Sociologist》2001,32(1):100-106
The following paper examines the cybernetics trajectory of Parsons’ later work and its extension in the work of Luhmann. While
the earlier work was focused on social action as a basic unit of sociological analysis, in The Social System Parsons articulates
a notion of systems as self-generating and self-regulating. In Luhmann’s Social Systems this trajectory is made more explicit
and developed in opposition to the early Parsons. Its metaphorical dimensions are also developed, creating additional levels
and layers of abstraction. Those developments are deemed necessary in order to come to terms with the increasingly “complex”
nature of modern society; however they are problematic in several respects—including their tautological nature which provides
a basis for the unrestrained explanatory power of “system.“ 相似文献
11.
Using data from the 1997 National Family Business Survey (NFBS), this study identifies factors associated with married women’s employment involvement in business-owning families. While focusing on married women in a third shift situation—working for the family business, for the marketplace, and for managing the household—this study compares business and family characteristics by women’s employment status. The results of multinomial logit regression analysis indicated that family cash flow problems, presence of children age under 6, age of women, business assets, age of business, home-based family business, establishment of business, and industry type were significant predictors of women’s employment decision. The results of the study have further implications for women in a third shift situation among business-owning families.Yoon G. Lee, Utah State University, 2905 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-2905, USA; e-mail: yoonlee@cc.usu.edu.Gong-Soog Hong, The Ohio State University, 1787 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210-1295, USA; e-mail: ghong@hec.ohio-state.edu.Barbara R. Rowe, Utah State University, 2949 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-2949, USA; e-mail: browe@ext.usu.edu. 相似文献
12.
Donald G. Saari 《Social Choice and Welfare》2011,37(4):609-620
Many disciplines, including the social, behavioral, and management sciences, search for appropriate aggregated outcomes—a
search that can be frustrated by complexities and inefficiencies. As shown here, explanations for these difficulties can be
found in social choice. Indeed, it is shown why some of these problems are direct consequences of adopted approaches (e.g.,
management style, choice of a division of labor, or even the use of expertise and experts), and they cannot be avoided. These
results are motivated by Sen’s Theorem from decision theory. 相似文献
13.
Alasdair Marshall Richard Telofski Udechukwu Ojiako Maxwell Chipulu 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2012,23(2):371-391
The purpose of this article is to develop a theory which frames the demands of civil society in such a way as to better enable
corporate subjects to manage and navigate ‘irregular’ engagement from activist organizations. Activist NGOs engage in advocacy
at times by mounting, facilitating or encouraging popular social campaigns and actions against targeted corporations. In many
cases, radical ‘direct action’ tactics are adopted, taking such approaches, NGOs may capitalise on the broader, more ethically
diverse strategic possibilities open to them than are available to their corporate adversaries. We employ institutional theory
to map out this asymmetric distribution of strategic possibility. We theorise NGOs and corporate subjects as effectively ‘competing’
with one another to maximise their own strategic possibilities and to minimise those of their opponents, in the perennial
battle for hearts and minds that plays out between NGOs, corporate subjects, and broader civil society actors who ultimately
determine boundary rules for NGO-corporate conflict. Within this context we explore the normative challenge arising from the
possibility that corporate subjects might seek to tip the competitive balance by learning from how the military has adapted
to successfully engage with ‘irregular’ adversaries through what is often termed ‘asymmetric’ or ‘irregular’ warfare. Should
corporations follow a similar adaptive process, by mirroring the ‘irregular’ strategies of activist groups? Drawing evidence
from the military experience, we suggest—perhaps counter intuitively—that such adaptations can create new opportunities for
conflict resolution and for building sustainable cooperation between former adversaries. 相似文献
14.
Donald N. McCloskey 《The American Sociologist》1990,21(1):3-19
Even formal methods in economics, which sociologists have been tempted to adopt, are “rhetorical,” in the sense of “argued
to other scholars, not proven forever and ever.” The rhetoric of inquiry, in other words, is not confined to flowery language.
Two examples of formal methods that have defective rhetorics are significance tests (in which the sociologists are far ahead)
and existence theorems (in which the sociologists are in danger of imitating the economists’ errors). Much effort in economics
is spent on a rhetoric without conclusions. A more humanistic economics — or sociology—would examine all the arguments, whether
mathematical or not.
He is also director of the Project on Rhetoric of Inquiry. 相似文献
15.
16.
Merton’s Sociology 215-216 Course 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Robert M. Marsh 《The American Sociologist》2010,41(2):99-114
For many years, Robert K. Merton taught a famous, year-long graduate course at Columbia called The Analysis of Social Structures.
His lectures have been recalled for their dazzling intellectual effects by those who took the course, but none of these former
students has described what Merton actually said in specific lectures. I do this now, using my extensive lecture notes from
1952–53 when I took it for credit, and from later years when I sat in on the course. The core of the course at that time was
Merton’s Paradigm for Functional Analysis in Sociology. Each concept in the paradigm—subjective dispositions, objective consequences,
functional requirements, structural constraints, etc.—was elaborated in its relationship to a wide variety of sociological
problems in the published theoretical and empirical literature. I also recount how Merton’s relationship to Talcott Parsons
appeared to us in the course. 相似文献
17.
This paper reviews the main bodies of contemporary urban sustainability theory. From this analysis, two underpinning paradigms
of urban sustainability are identified: (1) The ‘Human Exemptionalism Paradigm’ (HEP), which emphasizes the ability of humans
to overcome environmental problems—see Urban Sociology, Urban Ecology, Urban Geography, Urban Psychology and Political Economy;
and (2) The ‘New Ecological Paradigm’ (NEP), which emphasizes the criticality of ecological limits to human progress—see Urban
Metabolism, Energy/Emergy Analysis and Ecological Footprinting. Each of these approaches is critically reviewed, highlighting
their main assumptions, theoretical and practical foci. It is argued in the paper that if the related issues of urban sustainability
and development are to be progressed, there needs to be: (1) a greater maturation of the NEP approaches, which are ‘relative
newcomers’ to the area of urban theory; and (2) greater integration and dialogue between the HEP and NEP approaches to urban
sustainability than has hitherto been the case.
相似文献
Murray G. PattersonEmail: |
18.
Vitaro F Wanner B Brendgen M Tremblay RE 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2008,24(4):535-553
We compared offspring of problem gamblers (n = 42) to offspring of parents without gambling problems (n = 100) to see (1) whether the two groups differed with respect to depressive feelings and conduct/antisociality problems
and (2) whether ineffective parenting or the offspring’s own gambling problems played a mediating role in this context. Participants
were drawn from a relatively large community-based study (N = 1,872). Parents rated their own gambling and other mental health problems when their children were in mid-adolescence.
The children’s self-reports on depressive feelings and conduct/antisociality problems were assessed at two points in time:
by mid-adolescence and again by early adulthood. Results showed that children of parents with gambling problems reported more
depressive feelings and more conduct problems by mid-adolescence than children of parents without gambling problems. Children
of problem gamblers also experienced an increase in their depressive symptoms from mid-adolescence to early adulthood. Importantly,
ineffective parenting, but not children’s gambling problems, mediated almost all the links between parental problem gambling
and children’s adjustment problems. These results add to a very small data base showing that children of problem gamblers
are at risk for a variety of adjustment problems.
相似文献
Frank VitaroEmail: |
19.
While previous research has explored the causes and consequences of school truancy, few studies have considered the meanings
of institutional responses. This paper offers an ethnographic analysis of a pilot program promoted as a “progressive” form
of truancy intervention. Midvale Truancy Center claimed to focus on education, rather than punishment. In practice, however,
the crime control tactics used to capture, isolate, and discipline truants often overshadowed the Center’s educational objectives,
locating the Center in a liminal space between school and detention facility. The Center’s competing goals—revenue creation,
truancy deterrence, and organizational survival—resulted in rehabilitation being pushed aside in favor of normalization and
behavioral control. These findings illustrate a recent larger cultural turn toward control and punishment (Garland 2001), and the encroachment of crime control tactics into the civil sphere. 相似文献
20.
N. Will Shead David C. Hodgins 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2009,25(3):357-375
Factor scores on a gambling expectancy questionnaire (GEQ) were used to subtype 132 university students who gamble regularly
(37.9% male; M age = 22.6 years, SD = 6.04) as: Reward Expectancy Gamblers (Reward EGs)—have strong expectations that gambling
augments positive mood, Relief Expectancy Gamblers (Relief EGs)—have strong expectations that gambling relieves negative affect,
and Non-Expectancy Gamblers (Non-EGs)—have neither strong expectation. Gambling on a high-low card game was compared across
subtypes following priming for either “relief” or “reward” affect-regulation expectancies with the Scrambled Sentence Test
(SST). The hypothesized Prime type × GEQ subtype interaction was not significant. When a more stringent set of criteria for
GEQ subtyping was imposed, the “purified” sub-sample (n = 54) resulted in the hypothesized statistically significant Prime type × GEQ subtype interaction. Relief EGs gambled more
after being primed with the construct “relief of negative emotions” compared to after being primed with the construct “augmentation
of positive emotion.” Planned orthogonal contrasts showed a significant linear increase in number of bets made across GEQ
subtypes when prime type corresponded to GEQ subtype. The results suggest a need for components in gambling treatment programs
that address clients’ expectancies that gambling can provide a specific desirable emotional outcome. 相似文献