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1.
Although the Muslim world is sometimes depicted as a homogeneous civilization lacking democracy and gender equality, Muslim
countries show tremendous economic, political and cultural variation. In this paper, this variation is used to gain insight
into the determinants of women’s labor market participation (LMP) in the Muslim world. We use data on 45 Muslim countries
and apply SEM models to determine effects of modernization, democracy, cultural background, and state Islamization on women’s
participation in the formal economy (absolute LMP) and on the share of women in the labor force (relative LMP). Women’s absolute
LMP is higher in Muslim countries with higher levels of economic development and in the oil-exporting countries. For women’s
relative LMP, practical democracy (the degree to which people actively participate in the system) takes in a key position.
It has a strong positive effect on women’s relative LMP and mediates the effects of economic development (positive), formal
democratic structures (positive) and state Islamization (negative) on women’s relative LMP. Results indicate that in these
countries modernization may lead to empowerment of women by increasing their absolute LMP, but that for attaining gender equality
the political opportunity structures is most important. 相似文献
2.
Married women continue to spend more time doing housework than men and economic resources influence women’s housework more
strongly than men’s. To explain this, gender theorists point to how gender figures into identities, family interactions, and
societal norms and opportunity structures. The extent of this configuration varies culturally and, in the United States, by
race-ethnicity because of how race-ethnicity conditions access to resources and influences gender relations within marriages.
Housework levels and gender differences may be lower in Black married couples compared to other couples because of Black women’s
higher historical levels of employment and consequently long-standing need to balance work and family responsibilities. Race-ethnicity
also likely conditions the symbolic meaning and thus association of economic resources and housework. We use pooled time diary
data from the 2003 to 2007 American Time Use Study from 26,795 married women and men to investigate how and why race-ethnicity
influences housework. Our results indicate Hispanic and Asian women do more cooking and cleaning compared with White and Black
women and the inverse relationship between women’s earnings and housework is steeper for Hispanic women compared with other
women. We find no evidence that married Black men devote more time to housework than White men, either core or occasional,
unlike earlier studies. 相似文献
3.
In this paper we evaluate the hypothesis that the over-representation of women amongst the low paid is of little importance
because women‘s earnings account for only a small proportion of total family income. Data from the General Household Survey
(GHS), together with attitudinal evidence from three cross-sectional data sources, indicate that women‘s earnings are in fact
an important and growing component of family income. The majority of the growth in the share of women‘s earnings occurs as
a result of changing family labour structures; women‘s earnings are playing an increasingly important role in keeping their
families out of poverty.
JEL classification: J16; J31.
Received April 9, 1996/Accepted August 22, 1996 相似文献
4.
This paper examines the impact of husbands’ migration on the lives of women left behind. Using data from the India Human Development
Survey 2005, we focus on two dimensions of women’s lives: women’s autonomy and control over their lives; and women’s labour
force participation. Results suggest that household structure forms the key mediating factor through which husbands’ absence
affects women. Women not residing in extended families are faced with both higher levels of responsibilities and greater autonomy,
while women who live in extended households do not experience these demands or benefits. 相似文献
5.
Previous research on migration and gendered career outcomes centers on couples and rarely examines the reason for the move.
The implicit assumption is usually that households migrate in response to job opportunities. Based on a two-year panel from
the Current Population Survey, this article uses stated reasons for geographic mobility to compare earnings outcomes among
job migrants, family migrants, and quality-of-life migrants by gender and family status. We further assess the impact of migration
on couples’ internal household economy. The effects of job-related moves that we find are reduced substantially in the fixed-effects
models, indicating strong selection effects. Married women who moved for family reasons experience significant and substantial
earnings declines. Consistent with conventional models of migration, we find that household earnings and income and gender
specialization increase following job migration. Married women who are secondary earners have increased odds of reducing their
labor supply following migration for job or family reasons. However, we also find that migrating women who contributed as
equals to the household economy before the move are no more likely than nonmigrant women to exit work or to work part-time.
Equal breadwinner status may protect women from becoming tied movers. 相似文献
6.
Katarina Boye 《Social indicators research》2009,93(3):509-525
Absolute as well as relative hours of paid and unpaid work may influence well-being. This study investigates whether absolute
hours spent on paid work and housework account for the lower well-being among women as compared to men in Europe, and whether
the associations between well-being and hours of paid work and housework differ by gender attitudes and social context. Attitudes
towards women’s and men’s paid work and housework obligations may influence how beneficial or detrimental it is to spend time
on these activities, as may social comparison of one’s own hours to the number of hours commonly spent among similar others.
A group of 13,425 women and men from 25 European countries are analysed using country fixed-effects models. The results suggest
that while men’s well-being appears to be unaffected by hours of paid work and housework, women’s well-being increases with
increased paid working hours and decreases with increasing housework hours. Gender differences in time spent on paid work
and housework account for a third of the European gender difference in well-being and are thus one reason that women have
lower well-being than men have. Gender attitudes do not appear to modify the associations between hours and well-being, but
there is a tendency for women’s well-being to be higher the less housework they do compared to other women in the same family
situation and country. However, absolute hours of paid work and housework appear to be more important to women’s well-being
than relative hours.
相似文献
Katarina BoyeEmail: |
7.
This essay examines the consequences of major social, demographic and economic trends in the United States since World War
II. These include rising women’s employment, the ‘Baby Boom’, the outlines of the so-called ‘new’ immigration, the increasing
racial and ethnic diversity deriving from that immigration, the economic contexts in which recent US immigration has occurred,
and recent technologically-induced features of global work flows that will condition immigration’s future reception and effects.
Women’s wartime work experiences, together with their economic opportunities in the ensuing decades, boosted married women’s
autonomy and domestic leverage. Rising economic prosperity encouraged marriage and family formation even as growing employment
among married women of childbearing age made having and taking care of large families more difficult. World War II also spawned
the expansion of migration to the United States, which in turn converted the country from a largely biracial society with
a sizable white majority and a small black minority into a multiracial, multiethnic society with greater racial and ethnic
boundary crossing and increasingly blurred colour lines. A major issue is whether currently changing economic conditions and
social institutions will support and strengthen such tendencies or instead weaken them. Without robust job growth, the demographic
legacy of the baby boom, which now involves ever-rising numbers of retired people, will be more difficult to support, especially
given the country’s current fiscal deficits. Greater earnings inequality and weak job growth may also poison the climate for
further immigration to the US, thus diminishing the chance that newcomers can continue contributing to the dissolution of
fault lines among racial-ethnic groups and to the resolution of periodic labour shortages. 相似文献
8.
Harriet B. Presser Megan L. Klein Hattori Sangeeta Parashar Sara Raley Zhihong Sa 《Journal of Population Research》2006,23(2):135-163
This paper expands on Kingsley Davis’s demographic thesis of change and response. Specifically, we consider the social context
that accounts for the primacy of particular birth control methods that bring about fertility change during specific time periods.
We examine the relevance of state policy (including national family planning programs), the international population establishment,
the medical profession, organized religion, and women’s groups using case studies from Japan, Russia, Puerto Rico, China,
India, and Cameroon. Some of these countries are undergoing the second demographic transition, others the first. Despite variations
in context, heavy reliance on sterilization and/or, abortion as a means of birth control is a major response in most of these
countries. The key roles of the medical profession and state policy are discussed, along with the general lack of influence
of religion and of women’s groups in these countries. 相似文献
9.
This article examines the dynamics and causes of the shift in the gender composition of migration, and more particularly,
in women’s access to migration opportunities and decision-making. Our analysis focuses on Albania, a natural laboratory for
studying international migration where out-migration was essentially nonexistent from the end of World War II to the end of
the 1980s. Interest in the Albanian case is heightened because of the complex layers of inequality existing at the time when
migration began: relatively low levels of inequality within the labor market and educational system—a product of the Communist
era—while household relations remained heavily steeped in tradition and patriarchy. We use micro-level data from the Albania
2005 Living Standards Measurement Study, including migration histories for family members since migration began. Based on
discrete-time hazard models, the analysis shows a dramatic increase in male migration and a gradual and uneven expansion of
the female proportion of this international migration. Female migration, which is shown to be strongly associated with education,
wealth, and social capital, appears responsive to economic incentives and constraints. Using information on the dependency
of female migration to the household demographic structure as well as the sensitivity of female migration to household-level
shocks, we show how household-level constraints and incentives affect male and female migration differently. Throughout this
period, however, women’s migration behavior appears more directly aligned with household-level factors, and there is little
evidence to suggest that increased female migration signals rising behavioral independence among Albanian women. 相似文献
10.
Changing the Gender Balance in Caring: Fatherhood and the Division of Parental Leave in Norway 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Trude Lappegard 《Population research and policy review》2008,27(2):139-159
In this article, we study fathers’ use of parental leave in Norway, using register data from 1993 to 1997. In 1993, a special
father’s quota (1 month) was introduced in the parental leave program. The father’s quota is a success in the sense that 85%
of fathers entitled to the leave use it, but few take more than their quota (1 month). One policy intention was to make a
real change in the gender balance in care. The analyses show that gender balance in breadwinning has a strong effect on fathers’
use of parental leave: controlling for parents’ educational level, labor market attachment and father’s income, we find that
the more mothers contribute to the family economy and the more equalized their earnings are, the more parental leave fathers
take. 相似文献
11.
Suzanne Ryan Jennifer Manlove Sandra L. Hofferth 《Population research and policy review》2006,25(1):103-126
Using discrete time event history analyses of data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), we examine the association
between state-level welfare waiver policies implemented before the 1996 welfare reform legislation and the risk of a nonmarital
subsequent birth. Our study makes a unique contribution to the existing literature by using a national-level sample of unmarried
mothers who ever received welfare. This high-risk sample represents the women of most interest to policymakers, as it is the
exact group to whom welfare reform is targeted—welfare mothers at risk of having nonmarital additional births. The state policies
we study include: family cap, earnings disregard, work exemptions, work requirements, and sanctions. We conclude that, although
reducing the number of nonmarital births is a key goal of welfare reform, state-established welfare waiver policies do not
have any influence on women’s childbearing behaviors in this sample, net of women’s individual characteristics and state economic
environments. Even the family cap policy, which was designed for the sole purpose of reducing additional births, has no significant
association with nonmarital subsequent childbearing. Instead, personal characteristics, not public policies, are stronger
determinants of women’s childbearing decisions. Age, race/ethnicity, marital status, number of previous children, education
level, and welfare receipt are significantly associated with nonmarital subsequent births. Overall, this paper contributes
to an expanding body of research that shows minimal effects of welfare waivers on fertility. Our work suggests that more targeted
policies are necessary to be able to influence individual family formation behaviors. 相似文献
12.
Chiung-Tzu Lucetta Tsai 《Social indicators research》2011,103(1):131-144
This article analyses the gender relationship of men and women in Taiwan. Firstly, it employs power relation to explore what
the gender relationship is and how this gender relationship has produced. Secondly, it describes how this gender relationship
has influenced Taiwanese society. It also explains the gender inequality of both sexes in Taiwan and Taiwanese women’s resistance
to traditional and Western culture. Thirdly, it analyses how this gender relationship has reflected on Taiwanese women’s leisure.
The analysis is designed to indicate the roles held by women and men in Taiwanese society in this research. 相似文献
13.
Caregiving to family members comprises a major part of familial obligations in the United States. Informal caregiving is unevenly
distributed in society, with women performing most of the work and bearing the burden of its costs. This paper addresses the
cost dimension of informal caregiving to family members by examining whether and how it penalizes women’s employment. Drawing
data from the 1987 and 1992 National Survey of Families and Households, we examine whether and how caregiving transitions
affect changes in women’s labor force participation and the implications of this caregiving transitions for their earnings.
We calculate how these effects vary for demographically different groups of women: those older and younger, with and without
high levels of education, and married and not married. Our findings reveal that for most women, the initiation of caregiving
led to a substantial reduction in their weekly hours worked and annual earnings. However, the effects were different for various
subgroups of women: those older, with fewer skills, and more competing roles paid substantial costs if they began caregiving
between 1987 and 1992. 相似文献
14.
Keera Allendorf 《Population research and policy review》2012,31(2):187-206
The role of family context in determining women’s agency has been addressed through kinship patterns, household structure,
and domestic violence. This study suggests that another aspect of family context—family relationship quality—can also influence
women’s agency. Data from the Women’s Reproductive Histories Survey, collected in Madhya Pradesh, India, are used to examine
whether family relationship quality is a determinant of women’s agency. Results show that women with higher quality relationships
with husbands and parents-in-law do have greater agency. Further, family relationship quality is just as influential as other
well known determinants of agency, including education and employment. 相似文献
15.
Bringing together women and family in quality perspective bring about interesting discussions in this paper. By integrating
previous studies and considering expert opinions, we determinate the variables and dimensions with respect to women’s existence
regarding their roles both in the family and at work. Many activities carried out by women represent the consumer aspects
of their role. Women undertake these activities to fulfill their needs, which can be classified in the order of preference
using Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need. Women success can be measured based on their ability to perform their roles successfully.
We identify women’s performance by using quality approach of Personal Quality Maintenance (PQM), which is widely applied in
many organizations in order to maintain the service delivery, which meets the customer satisfaction. The effort to enhance
women’s satisfaction for their success in playing the multirole in the family and at work is our main consideration. This
study may contribute a new point of view regarding for the women’s welfare and existence. 相似文献
16.
Marcel van Egmond Janeen Baxter Sandra Buchler Mark Western 《Journal of Population Research》2010,27(3):147-168
This paper examines trends over time in attitudes to gender equality in Australia. We use data from repeated cross-sectional
surveys in Australia to investigate trends in beliefs about men’s and women’s work and family roles between 1986 and 2005.
We find that men are consistently more conservative than women, that younger cohorts tend to be less conservative than older
cohorts, but those born between 1960 and 1980 are more egalitarian on some issues than those born after 1980. There is also
evidence that the overall trend toward more egalitarian gender attitudes is most marked in Australia up until the mid-1990s
with the trend flattening and in some cases, even reversing after this period. The paper concludes that there is currently
a period of relative stability in gender attitudes in Australia, but with some tendency toward more conservative views. 相似文献
17.
Research on marriage in developing countries has been somewhat narrow in scope because of both conceptual and data limitations.
While the feminist literature recognizes marriage as a key institutional site for the production and reproduction of gender
hierarchies, little is known about the processes through which this relationship operates. This article uses data from the
newly collected India Human Development Survey 2005 for 27,365 ever-married women aged 25–49 to explore ways in which different
dimensions of gender in Indian society shape the decisions regarding age at marriage. We explore the impact of three dimensions
of gender: (1) economic factors, such as availability of wage employment, dowry expectations, and wedding expenses; (2) indicators
of familial empowerment, such as women’s role in household decision making and access to and control over resources; and (3)
markers of gender performance, such as observance of purdah and male-female separation in the household. Results from hierarchical
linear models confirm the importance of markers of gender performance but fail to demonstrate a large role for economic factors
and familial empowerment. 相似文献
18.
We document the incidence and evolution of family complexity from the perspective of children. Following a cohort of firstborn
children whose mothers were not married at the time of their birth, we consider family structure changes over the first 10 years
of the child’s life—considering both full and half-siblings who are coresidential or who live in another household. We rely
on detailed longitudinal administrative data from Wisconsin that include information on the timing of subsequent births to
the mother and father, and detailed information on earnings, child support, and welfare. We find that 60% of firstborn children
of unmarried mothers have at least one half-sibling by age 10. Our results highlight the importance of having fertility information
for both fathers and mothers: estimates of the proportion of children with half-siblings would be qualitatively lower if we
had fertility information on only one parent. Complex family structures are more likely for children of parents who are younger
or who have low earnings and for those in larger urban areas. Children who have half-siblings on their mother’s side are also
more likely to have half-siblings on their father’s side, and vice versa, contributing to very complex family structures—and
potential child support arrangements—for some children. 相似文献
19.
Sharon Jackson 《Journal of Population Research》1995,12(1):25-34
This paper applies a simple economic model to explain short run movements in Australian fertility, abstracting from social
and cultural conditions. It shows that Australian fertility can be modelled with some success using only wages and employment
data, once we allow for the different effects of changes in men’s and women’s wages for the period 1966–90. The elasticity
of the total fertility rate over this period is found to be negative with respect to women’s wages and positive with respect
to men’s wages. As well as having the expected sign, the estimated elasticities are similar in magnitude to those for the
United States over the period 1948–75. 相似文献
20.
The custom of bride price involves the payment of goods or cash from the groom’s family to the bride’s family at the time
of marriage. Data from a household survey in Uganda were used to estimate the relationship between payment of bride price
and non-marital sexual relationships. A robust correlation between bride price payment and lower rates of non-marital sexual
relationships is found for women but not for men. One interpretation we offer for these findings is that bride price reflects
the price of women’s sexual fidelity to men. This interpretation makes sense in light of the refundable nature of bride price
in Uganda. 相似文献