差错管理氛围如何激发员工越轨创新——一个双中介模型的检验

基于三元交互理论、社会认知理论和资源保存理论,探究差错管理氛围对员工越轨创新行为的影响机制,验证创新自我效能感和心理安全感的中介效应。通过309份有效问卷,采用多元回归和Bootstrap等方法对模型进行实证检验。结果表明：差错管理氛围对员工越轨创新行为、创新自我效能感和心理安全感具有显著的正向影响,创新自我效能感在差错管理氛围与越轨创新之间起部分中介作用,员工心理安全感在差错管理氛围与越轨创新之间起部分中介作用。组织应在内部建立良好的差错管理氛围,应重视提高员工的创新自我效能感,激发员工的创造力,应密切关注员工的心理状态,增强员工的心理安全感。     

组织创新支持感对员工创新行为的影响机制研究

基于组织支持理论,检验了组织创新支持感对员工创新行为的影响机制。研究表明,组织创新支持感影响员工创意产生行为,并完全通过创意产生行为的中介作用,间接影响员工创意执行行为。在引入成就动机这一中介变量后,虽然组织创新支持感对员工创新行为仍存在直接影响,但这一直接影响路径系数显著下降,组织创新支持感通过成就动机的中介作用影响员工创意产生行为,进而影响其创意执行行为表现。在引入工作卷入的中介作用后,组织创新支持感对员工创新行为的直接影响也有明显下降,组织创新支持感通过工作卷入的中介作用影响员工创意产生行为,进而影响其创意执行行为表现。     

创新网络嵌入与高技术企业研发人员创新绩效关系研究

 创新驱动的实质是人才驱动,企业技术管理的重要核心之一是人员管理。研发人员是高技术企业的核心人力资本和主导资源,具有典型的稀缺性、创造性、主导性、体验性以及高信息需求等异质性特征,能否采取切实有效措施满足研发人员的异质性需求,激活其创新潜力和活力,是提升高技术企业创新绩效和管理技术人员的关键。        聚焦于高技术企业研发人员的异质性需求特征,运用创新网络嵌入理论,提出创新网络嵌入、创新效能感与创新绩效的关系假设模型;借鉴成熟量表,设计相关测量变量的调查问卷;利用Spss 19.0和Amos 21.0软件,对北京、上海、武汉、广州等地高技术企业研发人员的269个调查数据进行分析,考察创新网络嵌入对研发人员创新绩效的影响和作用机理,并验证创新效能感的中介作用。        研究结果表明,高技术企业研发人员的创新网络结构嵌入对创新过程和创新结果均具有显著正向影响,而关系嵌入仅对创新过程具有正向影响;创新网络结构嵌入和关系嵌入对创新效能感均具有显著正向影响,创新效能感对创新过程和创新结果具有显著正向影响;创新效能感在研发人员结构嵌入和关系嵌入对创新过程的影响中起完全中介作用,在结构嵌入对创新结果的影响中起部分中介作用。        从技术人员创新绩效管理的微观视角入手,探究高技术企业研发人员创新绩效的内涵、实质和影响因素,对高技术企业研发人员的创新网络嵌入与创新绩效的关系、创新效能感的中介作用以及创新网络嵌入与创新绩效的关系研究中关系嵌入悖论进行实证检验和解读,提出提升高技术企业研发人员创新绩效的创新网络嵌入式开发策略,包括聚焦产学研战略协同和集群创新、强化关系网络建设和位置管理、营造宽松氛围以提升创新效能感等。     

回任支持对双元性创新的影响研究

以跨国公司的回任人员为研究对象,实证研究回任支持对双元性创新的影响,探讨知识转移和自我效能在上述关系中所起的中介作用和调节作用,并检验有调节的中介效应.层次回归分析结果表明:回任支持对知识转移具有显著的正向影响,知识转移对开发性创新和探索性创新具有显著的正向影响;知识转移在回任支持与开发性创新和探索性创新之间起中介作用,但中介效应有所差异,在回任支持与开发性创新之间起部分中介作用,而在回任支持与探索性创新之间起完全中介作用;自我效能在回任支持与知识转移之间起调节作用.拔靴法分析结果表明:自我效能越强,知识转移在回任支持与开发性创新和探索性创新之间所起的中介效应就越强.     

谦卑型领导对员工创新行为的影响:创新自我效能的中介效应

通过对277名IT企业中的研发人员进行问卷调查,探究谦卑型领导对员工创新行为的影响,尤其是检验了创新自我效能的中介效应。在控制了人口统计变量的影响之后发现:谦卑型领导对员工的创新自我效能与创新行为均有显著的正向影响,创新自我效能促进了员工的创新行为,创新自我效能在谦卑型领导与员工创新行为之间起到部分中介作用。     

变革型领导对员工创新行为的影响研究——兼论组织认同与自我效能感的作用

探析变革型领导、组织认同及自我效能感对员工创新行为的影响及其作用机制,构建以组织认同为中介变量、自我效能感为调节变量的混合模型,采用随机抽样的方法进行问卷调查,运用工具软件对获取的有效问卷数据进行实证分析。研究结果表明：变革型领导、组织认同、自我效能感及员工创新行为的得分都较高;变革型领导、组织认同及自我效能感均与员工创新行为显著正相关;变革型领导不仅直接影响员工创新行为,还能通过组织认同间接影响员工创新行为;自我效能感能显著调节变革型领导对员工创新行为的影响程度。     

职场友谊之光能否照亮员工创新行为——基于资源保存理论的研究

基于资源保存理论,构建以知识共享行为为中介变量、以创新自我效能感为调节变量的理论模型,探索职场友谊与员工创新行为之间的作用机制。从实证分析可知:职场友谊对员工创新行为的正向影响是显著的;在职场友谊和员工创新行为的影响路径中,知识共享行为起到了部分中介的作用;创新自我效能感起到了正向的调节作用。     

组织支持感中介作用下的家长式领导对员工工作疏离感的影响

以195名员工为被试,探讨了家长式领导的3个维度,即仁慈领导、德行领导与威权领导对员工工作疏离感的影响及其作用机制。研究表明,仁慈领导对员工工作疏离感有显著的负向影响,德行领导对员工工作疏离感的影响不显著,威权领导对员工工作疏离感有显著的正向影响;组织支持感在仁慈领导与员工工作疏离感之间起完全中介作用,在威权领导与员工工作疏离感之间起部分中介作用。     

安全基地型领导对员工创造力的影响机制研究

基于创造力领导理论和工作中个人成长模型,通过3个时段收集的63家高科技企业研发团队的274份有效配对问卷,探讨和分析了安全基地型领导对员工创造力的影响机理与理论边界。研究结果表明：安全基地型领导正向促进员工创造力;工作旺盛感在安全基地型领导与员工创造力间发挥部分中介作用;不确定性规避调节安全基地型领导对员工工作旺盛感的激发,并进一步调节工作旺盛感在安全基地型领导与员工创造力间的中介效应。     

基于企业社会责任导向的环境变革型领导对环境组织公民行为的影响机制研究北大核心CSSCI

以企业社会责任为导向,依据计划行为理论,探究环境变革型领导对环境组织公民行为的影响机制。根据收集的319份有效问卷调查结果显示:环境变革型领导对员工环境组织公民行为具有正向显著影响;环境利他关注在环境变革型领导与环境组织公民行为间起中介作用;组织支持感在环境变革型领导与环境利他关注之间具有正向调节作用,且表现为有调节的中介作用。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.