Risk Perception and Information Processing: The Development and Validation of a Questionnaire to Assess Self‐Reported Information Processing

The role of information processing in understanding people's responses to risk information has recently received substantial attention. One limitation of this research concerns the unavailability of a validated questionnaire of information processing. This article presents two studies in which we describe the development and validation of the Information‐Processing Questionnaire to meet that need. Study 1 describes the development and initial validation of the questionnaire. Participants were randomized to either a systematic processing or a heuristic processing condition after which they completed a manipulation check and the initial 15‐item questionnaire and again two weeks later. The questionnaire was subjected to factor reliability and validity analyses on both measurement times for purposes of cross‐validation of the results. A two‐factor solution was observed representing a systematic processing and a heuristic processing subscale. The resulting scale showed good reliability and validity, with the systematic condition scoring significantly higher on the systematic subscale and the heuristic processing condition significantly higher on the heuristic subscale. Study 2 sought to further validate the questionnaire in a field study. Results of the second study corresponded with those of Study 1 and provided further evidence of the validity of the Information‐Processing Questionnaire. The availability of this information‐processing scale will be a valuable asset for future research and may provide researchers with new research opportunities.     

制造型企业市场导向执行模式及前因变量和绩效

考察了市场导向执行的具体模式,以及市场导向模式选择的影响因素和绩效。对227家制造型企业的问卷调查结果显示:MKTOR量表在中国制造业环境下具有良好的信度和效度;我国制造型企业市场导向的具体模式可以分为6种;不同模式市场导向下的产品创新绩效和企业财务绩效存在明显差异;市场导向的模式选择与内部组织因素和外部环境因素有关。     

Reliability and validity of the French version of the 18-item Karasek job content questionnaire

Previous studies have shown that job strain, a combination of high psychological demands and low decision latitude, may be involved in the development of cardiovascular diseases and other health outcomes. In 1985, Karasek recommended a standard questionnaire to measure psychological demands (nine items) and job decision latitude (nine items). The internal consistency, factorial validity, discriminant validity, and 1-year stability of the French version of this instrument were evaluated in a population of 8263 white collar workers. Participants filled out the questionnaire during working hours in the context of a larger cardiovascular study. A subgroup of the study population completed the questionnaire again 1 year later (n = 953). Internal consistency was adequate: .74 for men and .73 for women for psychological demands and .83 for men and .81 for women for decision latitude. The results of the factor analysis were consistent with the two dimensions expected from the theory, although some items had high loading on two factors. Variations in the means of psychological demand and decision latitude scores and variations in the prevalence of high job strain by gender, job category, and age support the discriminant validity. These results were generally comparable to those observed with the English version. The percentages of workers remaining, after 1 year, in the same category of psychological demands, decision latitude, and job strain were 86.6, 86.1 and 75.2% respectively. These data provide evidence of the reliability and validity of the French version of these psychological demand and decision latitude scales     

反应型和先动型市场导向对产品创新和经营绩效的影响研究

探讨了反应型和先动型市场导向是否影响以及如何影响利用式创新和探索式创新,进而影响企业的经营绩效。对227家制造型企业的问卷调查研究结果显示:①反应型和先动型市场导向及利用式和探索式创新量表在我国制造业环境下具有良好的信度和效度;②2种类型市场导向对2种程度的创新均具有正向影响,其中,先动型市场导向对组织创新和企业绩效的促进作用更为明显;③2种类型的创新都有助于改善企业绩效;④创新均衡对企业绩效的改善也有显著作用。此外,研究为我国制造企业在何种程度上采纳市场导向战略管理工具来改善组织创新和经营绩效,提供了管理上的启示。     

The development and validation of a job crafting measure for use with blue-collar workers

Abstract

Job crafting describes a set of proactive behaviours in which employees may engage to shape their work in order to minimize hindering job demands and maximize resources and challenging demands. Such behaviours may be particularly important among blue-collar workers whose jobs are characterized by poor working conditions and low well-being. We present the development and adaptation of a job crafting measure that may be used among blue-collar workers, based on an existing scale by Tims, Bakker, and Derks (2012) that was not specifically developed for blue-collar workers. We test the validity and reliability of the measure in a longitudinal study based on multiple source information from mail delivery workers in Denmark (N=362 at Time 1; N=408 at Time 2). Results indicate the presence of five job crafting dimensions: increasing challenging demands, decreasing social job demands, increasing social job resources, increasing quantitative demands and decreasing hindering job demands. These can be reliably measured with 15 items. The measure shows acceptable discriminant and criterion validity, and test-retest reliability. The findings extend the application of the original questionnaire. They also add to knowledge of the job crafting behaviours in which blue-collar workers engage and link them to well-being outcomes.     

地方高校本科生学习状态自评量表的设计研究

目的:编制适用于本科生学习状态的测评量表,并检验其效度和信度。方法:在文献研究与理论研究的基础上,运用头脑风暴法、深度访谈法,结合多年的教学经验设计初始量表。采用分层随机整群抽样的方法对海南省某地方高校的本科生进行现场匿名调查。采用临界比率法、相关分析对量表条目的区分度进行分析;采用探索性因子分析对量表进行效度检验;采用内部一致性信度与分半信度对量表进行信度检验。结果:共发放652份问卷,回收有效问卷608份,有效问卷回收率为93.25%。经探索性因子分析,最终提取了5个因子,共包含28个条目,能解释总方差的56.99%。该量表的总Cronbach'sα系数为0.962,总分半信度为0.868。各维度的α系数均在0.8以上,分半信度均在0.74以上。结论:设计的本科生学习状态测评量表具有良好的效度和信度,能有效测量海南省某高校的本科生学习状态,也能为其他高校测量本科生学习状态提供参考依据。     

一种有效的数据收集方法——有声思维法

数据的可靠性是保证研究有效性的重要环节,为了克服访谈法、问卷调查法在收集数据时的缺陷,专家提出了一种有效的数据收集方法———有声思维法。将有声思维法与访谈法、问卷调查法进行比较发现,访谈法中被试的归因偏见,问卷调查法中的社会称许性以及对问题的反思和记忆偏差,都会降低数据的有效性;而有声思维法在解决典型问题的过程中,通过被试思维的语言化,能够得到更为真实、有效的数据。该方法使研究结果更为精确,并能导致新的发现,对管理研究是一种可借鉴的、有效的数据收集方法。     

创新人才胜任力模型实证研究

利用开放式问卷调查、关键事件访谈等方法,设计创新人才胜任力调查量表,从人才供应—需求视角出发,对我国一些研究型大学、科研院所和科技型企业进行调研。基于此,运用探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析,构建了由27个胜任特征项目构成创新知识、创新品德、创新能力、创新精神、创新人格五大胜任力维度的创新人才胜任力结构模型。该模型具有良好的信度和效度,丰富了胜任力理论体系,为大学、企业等组织创新人才选拔、培养和评价工作提供决策参考。     

Validity and reliability of proposed framework of manufacturing excellence in the Indian industry

This article presents the findings of the empirical study of proposed framework of manufacturing excellence (ME) in the Indian industry. The study includes companies from five major sectors, namely automobile, process, machines and equipment, electronics and components and textile. Responses from 90 companies were analysed to explore the validity and reliability of the proposed framework of ME in Indian industry. The developed questionnaire is outlined along with the results obtained from the analysis of the data from the Indian industry. The framework shows high level of reliability and validity.     

Cognitive and Emotional Representations of Terror Attacks: A Cross-Cultural Exploration

A questionnaire measuring cognitive and affective representations of terror risk was developed and tested in Turkey and Israel. Participants in the study were university students from the two countries (n= 351). Four equivalent factors explained terror risk cognitions in each sample: costs, vulnerability, trust, and control. A single negative emotionality factor explained the affective component of terror risk representations in both samples. All factors except control could be measured reliably. Results supported the validity of the questionnaire by showing expected associations between cognitions and emotions, as well as indicating gender differences and cultural variations. Current findings are discussed in relation to previous results, theoretical approaches, and practical implications.     

冲突处理风格量表ROCI-Ⅱ在中国背景下的有效性研究

ROCI-Ⅱ(Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory-Ⅱ)量表是在西方国家应用最广、最为流行的人际冲突处理风格测量问卷。本文以中国企业员工为样本,对该量表在中国文化环境下的有效性进行了实证研究,结果显示该问卷的信度和效度均不理想。探索性和验证性因子分析结果表明,在剔除四个条目后,三因子结构更符合中国企业员工人际冲突处理风格的基本特征。经检验,修订后的问卷有较好的信度和效度,可用于测量中国企业员工的人际冲突处理风格。     

Study-work satisfaction and psychological distress in older university students

In order to study the relationships between work satisfaction and mental health in a group known to be at risk for psychological distress, university students who were somewhat older than usual (n=568, average age 24 years) provided infomiation by questionnaire about their satisfactions from study and paid work, and their level of psychological distress. The measure of study satisfaction was a modified form of Warr et al.'s (1979) Job Satisfaction Scale, and had good reliability. Study satisfaction waslower for undergraduate than for postgraduate students, due to lack of clearly defined identity, less supportive relations with fellow-students and teaching staff, and financial hardship. For all subjects the availability of teacher support predicted study satisfaction, and study satisfaction had a major influence on the students' psychologcal well-being.     

Education DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A TOOL FOR ASSIGNING STUDENTS TO GROUPS FOR CLASS PROJECTS*

Group project work is an integral part of many university courses. Assigning students to project groups can be difficult because of the students' diverse backgrounds. Many instructors therefore decide not to assign group projects. This paper develops and validates an instrument that assigns both experienced and inexperienced students to different project groups, thereby creating a balanced, fair environment. The instrument is checked for reliability and validity and then is used to assign students to different project groups. Based on group performance, the end-of-the-semester results also are provided. Path analysis is used to test a causal model. Conclusions and implications for future research are presented.     

Does emotional intelligence as ability predict transformational leadership? A multilevel approach

This study assesses to what extent emotional intelligence as ability (EI) can predict transformational leadership. Norwegian executives (N = 104) completed measures of personality (NEO PI-R) and EI (MSCEIT), and were rated on transformational leadership (MLQ 5X) by subordinates (N = 459). This study improves upon previous studies in three ways: First, because the validity and reliability of the scores from MSCEIT has been questioned, an alternative set of scales from MSCEIT were included, which provide reliable and interpretable scores (Føllesdal & Hagtvet, 2009). Second, in addition to personality, general mental ability (GMA) was controlled for by utilizing Monte Carlo studies. Third, a multilevel approach was used to analyze the scores, due to their hierarchical structure. Neither the four branch scores, nor the Total EI score from MSCEIT predicted transformational leadership. A suppression effect was found, however, among two subscales from Perceiving Emotions. The validity of scores from MSCEIT is questioned.     

Hopelessness, helplessness, and haplessness as predictors of suicidal ideation

Scales to measure helplessness and hopelessness were found to have good reliability and concurrent validity and were significantly correlated with suicidal ideation.     

Führungsstile – Evaluation einer Nebenaufgabe im Development Center

To asses six different leadership styles we employed a questionnaire during the development center in a manufacturing firm. Analysing the questionnaire indicates its reliability, scalability, economy, usefulness and fairness. An explorative factor analysis supports the factorial validity. A content analysis provides evidence that the transformational leadership style is perceived as the most positive and the authoritarian leadership style as the most negative one. Furthermore, we found transformational leadership style positively correlated with an aggregated measure for the competence extraversion.     

制造业管理胜任力情景判断测验的信效度研究

为了考察制造业管理胜任力情景判断测验在中国文化背景下的适应性,用"制造业管理胜任力测验量表"(中文版)对152名制造行业在职员工和46名在读硕士研究生进行施测。研究表明该量表在中国文化背景下具有较好的效标关联效度,验证性因素分析表明,实测数据与胜任力6因素模型得到较好拟合,具有较好的构思效度。研究也证明了众多学者认为的情景判断测验能够测到认知能力和工作经验的观点。最后,对不同性别量表得分差异进行研究,发现男性组和女性组量表得分不存在显著性差异。     

Cautions on the Use of the SERVQUAL Measure to Assess the Quality of Information Systems Services

The SERVQUAL questionnaire (Parasuraman, Zeithaml, & Berry, 1988) is one of the preeminent instruments for measuring the quality of services as perceived by the customer. In a recent Decision Sciences article, Kettinger and Lee (1995) suggested the use of a modified SERVQUAL instrument to assess the quality of the services supplied by an information services provider. However, a number of problems with the SERVQUAL instrument are discussed in the literature. This article provides an illustrative example utilizing data collected from 138 executive and information systems professional customers of a multibillion dollar information services provider in order to examine the validity and reliability of Kettinger and Lee's (1995) modified SERVQUAL instrument. Results of analyses do not confirm the findings of Kettinger and Lee. Moreover, it appears that the use of difference scores in calculating SERVQUAL contributes to problems with the reliability, discriminant validity, convergent validity, and predictive validity of the measure. These findings suggest that caution should be exercised in the use of SERVQUAL scores and that further work is needed in the development of measures for assessing the quality of information services.     

Death anxiety in Kuwaiti middle-aged personnel

The present study aimed to examine the level of death anxiety, the sex-related differences among a middle-aged Kuwaiti personnel sample, and to explore the replicability of the Arabic Scale of Death Anxiety (ASDA) factors. A sample of 236 volunteer Kuwaiti personnel took part in the study. The mean ages of men and women were 41.5 (SD = 7.5) and 40.9 (SD = 7.1), respectively. The alpha reliability of the ASDA was found to be high (.93). Women had a significantly higher mean total score on the ASDA as well as on 17 out of its 20 items. Middle-aged personnel had a significantly lower mean ASDA total score than younger college students (M age = 22). The factor analysis of the ASDA items yielded three factors: fear of dead people and tombs; fear of postmortem events; and fear of lethal disease. These factors were highly replicable with previous factors extracted from a Kuwaiti college student sample. On the basis of the present findings, there are three general conclusions as follows: death anxiety is negatively associated with age; the sex-related differences on death anxiety are salient in the Arab samples; and the ASDA has a highly replicable factor structure.     

学习型组织整体系统的构成及其组织系统与学习能力系统之间的关系

提出了"学习型组织的组织系统"的概念及其5个维度模型.然后,将该系统与"学习型组织的组织学习行为(能力)系统"相结合,形成了"学习型组织的整体系统",并分析了该整体系统中"学习型组织的组织系统"和"学习型组织的学习行为(能力)系统"之间的相互关系.同时,还开发了"学习型组织的组织系统问卷",采用223个企业样本数掘进行了统计检验,发现该测量问卷具有良好的信度和效度,其5个维度均与组织学习能力和组织绩效具有显著的正相关关系.