Evaluation of Fertility Levels and Adjustment of Fertility Policy： Based on the Current Situation of the Chinese Mainland＇s Provincial Fertility Levels

“十一五”期间我国大陆的总和生育率为1．481,呈稳中有降态势,形成了“中、西部中度低水平,东部深度低水平,东北极度低水平”的空间格局。除少数极低生育率省区回升外,实际生育率及其与政策生育率的比值仍在下降。生育率下降的主要推动力是发展,突出表现为生育旺盛期育龄妇女比总人口和育龄妇女的城镇化、非农化水平高、人口外出流动比例大,以及城镇生产、生活方式和文化观念对农业人口的同化作用。发展促使生育率下降的趋势已不可逆转。现行生育政策难以使生育率稳定在合理的低水平。有可能引起政策性反弹的重点在计划生育基础较好的城镇和东部及东北地区;有可能引起非政策性反弹的势能,已基本释放;中、西部农村年轻一代妇女多胎生育平均只有4．12％。生育政策调整完善中的生育率反弹可通过渐进式策略实施有效调控,不会引起生育率大幅强烈反弹。我国生育政策全国统一调整时机已成熟。     

新农保、宗族网络与农村家庭代际转移

在传统养老方式日益弱化、新型农村社会养老保险制度全面覆盖的背景下,本文以中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)数据为基础,探讨了正式社会养老保险制度与传统宗族养老文化对农村家庭代际转移的影响.研究表明,在新农保制度覆盖初期,农村老人参保对代际转移具有挤入效果,随着政策的深入开展,新农保制度对代际转移的挤出效应逐步显现.而宗族网络对家庭代际转移具有显著的促进作用,以宗族为载体的传统养老文化依然保持着较大的影响力,在一定程度上削弱了新农保制度的效果.     

中国是否已跳出了“马尔萨斯的人口陷阱”?——试论中国的低生育率与人口控制

一、低生育水平下的中国人口是否仍需要严格控制70年代以来,随着计划生育政策的出台与实施,中国的生育率发生了迅速的转变。60年代一度平均高达596%的妇女总和生育率,在经过70年代的陡然骤降和80年代的波动下滑之后,进入90年代已降至20%左右的更替水平以下,降幅达664%。有关资料表明,目前中国的妇女总和生育率是所有不发达国家中最低的,基本接近于发达国家的平均水平,甚至比某些发达国家和地区还要低。毋庸置疑,现今的中国已跨入低生育率国家的行列。世界平均总和生育率为31;发达国家为18;发展中国家为38;不发达国家为58。生育率的下降以及…     

土地要素流动非市场化下的土地产权制度创新——基于杭州市留地安置制度的案例研究

留地安置制度是中国土地要素流动非市场化条件之下的特殊产物.本文通过杭州推行留地安置制度的案例研究,认为留地安置制度是政府和村社分配级差地租的工具,并对留地安置制度对于城市治理与社会生活的政策效应进行分析.     

试论我国确立前科消灭制度

我国确立前科消灭制度具有必要性,是落实科学发展观、推进和谐社会建设、尊重和保障人权、贯彻宽严相济刑事政策、刑法走向现代化和回应司法实践呼唤的需要.与此同时,因前科消灭的意旨与我国传统文化观念存在相容性,以及我国政治、经济形势发生了很大变化并且确立前科消灭制度的条件已趋成熟,使得我国刑事立法中确立前科消灭制度也具有了现实可行性.前科消灭制度在我国的确立会面临规范冲突、制度配合和观念改变等三个方面的主要难题,可以从法律规范的调适、人道和宽容文化理念的培育、相关制度的配合以发挥整体联动的合力等方面寻求解决对策.     

村域政策执行中的非正式关系：结构转型与再生产

公共政策的村域执行呈现出依既往行政惯例和村庄传统而相适调整的逻辑秩序。基于对山东省W县X镇秸秆禁烧政策推行的观察，发现村干部权宜性政策行动推动了乡村非正式关系的多重再生产。村干部通过将政策嵌入宗族伦理规范体系，并激活村民小组内部的自我规范和道德约束作用，实现了乡村非正式规范的转型与回归；通过激发返乡大学生、乡村在外能人的政策参与，重构社会联结的生发机制而获得了更高程度的非正式支持；通过将秸秆禁烧政策与其他政策措施进行隐秘捆绑，以及援引乡镇权威进村以影响村民，从而实现了非正式惩戒机制的横向与纵向拓展。对上述非正式关系再生产的讨论，对于理解乡村社会政策的实施基础，维护乡村社会秩序具有重要的意义。     

市场化制度重构过程中的"制度政府"论析

在制度建设中,政府在市场化制度重构过程中的职能定位的实质是制度政府:制度政府有能力适时并高效地制定和推行经济社会发展需要的制度,具有理性权威、规范运作、广泛认同三个特征.制度政府.一要处理好安排制度的"破"与"立"的结合问题;二要发挥好制度治理与制度激励的职能;三要培育制度整合社会力量的机制,解决好自身在市场化制度重构中有效运作的前提、核心和基础问题.     

图腾制度对中国宗法秩序的塑造与影响

图腾制度在很大程度上塑造了中国古代宗法国家与社会的制度形态和生活样态.图腾制度的影响首先表现在它的血缘划分原则构成了西周昭穆制度和"选建明德"两大国家制度的根据,而源自图腾制度的"礼"则成为宗法国家的规范基础.更深刻的影响体现在对传统中国社会秩序的塑造上,以血缘关系为基础的宗法原则补充了国法,成为官府治理地方的辅助工具;宗族则成为审判机构等级系列中的初审法庭.中国的法制现代化之路的重要关键,就是要在精神文化内核上,彻底打破宗法藩篱,重构国家与社会之间的合理关系.     

积极福利理念下的中国医疗救助反思与重构

积极福利理念是20世纪末对西方各国福利改革发展产生重要影响的新型福利观念,该理论提出社会福利参与主体的多元化、事前预防、福利权利义务相统一等新福利观念。在积极福利观念下,医疗救助具有新的政策思路。依此来看,我国医疗救助存在救助方式、内容、主体及功能目标等多方面缺失。应吸收积极福利观念的合理成分,针对性地解决上述问题,从以上四个方面重构我国医疗救助制度。     

宗族问题与农村基层组织建设

宗族问题,是当前农村基层组织建设中不可回避的、直接的、现实的问题。运用马克思主义的观点,研究探讨宗族问题,化解消除宗族势力,把农村基层组织建设提高到新水平,甚为重要。一、宗族活动与农村基层组织建设新中国成立后,我们党为了在宗族很盛行的广大农村建立基层组织,先后制定了一系列的政策,并根据广大农村的实际先后建立基层政权。经过四十多年的建设和发展,社会主义制度更加稳定,宗族、宗族势力几乎绝迹。但要使广大农民改变过去的惯性思维,走出宗族、宗族势力的思想束缚是不容易的。近年来,宗族势力在部分农村中死灰复燃,有所抬头,亟需引起重视。其主要表现是:①寻根问祖。随     

工作单位性质与利用网络求职的差异性:来自珠三角农民工的实证研究

国内外学者对中国的市场转型研究一直关注于中国的市场化程度,以及不同性质的工作单位其市场化程度对劳动力市场的影响。本文通过对次级劳动力市场中农民工的实证研究,发现伴随着职业流动的增加,农民工在求职中并没有减少对社会网络的使用,只是越来越少地使用先赋性的亲友网络,越来越多地使用在职业流动中新建的社会网络。本文的研究还发现,不同性质工作单位市场化程度的差异影响了农民工对求职方式的选择。农民工进入市场化程度较高的工作单位,可以较多地通过市场途径求职;进入市场化程度较低的工作单位,则需要较多通过社会网络途径求职。     

Supporting foster and kinship carers to promote the mental health of children

The majority of children and young people removed from the care of their parents by the state of Victoria, Australia, reside in foster or kinship care. These children have experienced a broad range of adverse conditions and are up to 4 times more likely to experience problems with mental health than their mainstream peers. This paper draws on the perspectives of foster and kinship carers, describing the disconnection between their role as mental health advocates and their interest in early intervention in a field which is dominated by crisis and the historic marginalisation of foster and kinship carers. Thirty‐one foster and kinship carers across greater metropolitan Melbourne, Australia, contributed to this study through interviews and focus groups. Participants demonstrated a practical understanding of mental health and an ability to identify a range of conditions that have an adverse impact on the mental health of children and young people in their care. The paper concludes that there is a lack of systemic support and even a range of barriers that affect the capacity of foster and kinship carers to promote the mental health and well‐being of the children and young people in their care.     

关系网络与地下经济——基于上海一个自行车黑市的研究

本文以一个自行车黑市为案例,考察关系网络与地下经济活动相互作用的动态过程。研究表明,自行车黑市活动衍生的关系网络促进了信息传递,提升了信任水平,降低了安全风险,增加了黑市的效益,塑造出互惠的交易模式。随着黑市的运作,关系网络继续演化,当信息和信任积累到一定程度时,黑车贩子间达成了关于货源收购和价格同盟的卡特尔协议,黑市的运作方式再一次被改变。关系网络对潜在违规力量产生威慑,起到维护市场秩序的作用。     

Characteristics of the Social Support Networks of Maltreated Youth: Exploring the Effects of Maltreatment Experience and Foster Placement

Little is known about the social support networks of maltreated youth or how youth in foster care may compare with those who remain with their parent(s). Social network characteristics and perceived social support were examined between (1) maltreated and comparison youth, (2) maltreated youth who remained with their biological parent, those with a foster parent, or a those with a kin caregiver, and (3) youth in stable placements and those who have changed placements. Data came from a sample of 454 adolescents (241 boys, 9–13 years old at enrollment) who took part in a longitudinal study of child maltreatment. Participants completed three assessments approximately 1 year apart. Results showed that on average, maltreated adolescents named significantly fewer people in their network than comparison adolescents. At Time 2, comparison adolescents reported more same‐aged friends. In the maltreatment group, youth with a foster parent reported significantly more older friends than maltreated youth with a kin caregiver. Fewer maltreated youth named a biological parent on the social support questionnaire at all three time points. More youth in kinship care described their caregiver as supportive than those in foster care. These findings indicate that despite heterogeneous placement histories, social support networks among maltreated youth were very similar.     

社会流动与流动者的关系网络

本研究通过对厦门市流入者的关系网络的实证考察,主要的发现是：农村出身者的网络总量以及邻居、同乡关系的量大于城市出身者,但是网络持续性较弱;流动距离对同乡关系产生正向影响;在关系网络的量以及同质性方面,到达阶层较低的流动者大于或强于到达阶层较高的流动者;流入年数对亲戚关系以及网络持续性、职业同质性产生正向影响;教育年数的增加可以促进同事、同学、朋友关系的形成,并导致网络选择性、扩大性增强,网络持续性减弱;政治身份的向上流动可以导致网络总量以及邻居、同学、同乡关系增多,并导致网络同质性增强。这些发现说明,国外学者的先行理论在中国社会的应用具有一定的局限性。作者认为,这是由在漫长的农业社会中形成的血缘、地缘意识被深深内化,以及城乡社会结构的差异、社会流动的特性、人口城市化与生活城市化的不一致性等中国社会独特的社会历史文化所导致的。     

Enhancing the capacity of kin caregivers and their families to meet the needs of children left behind

Based on qualitative research of the experiences of 23 kin caregivers and five school personnel, this article explores the role of informal kinship care in addressing the needs of school-age children left behind in rural China. The findings of this study suggest that kin caregivers' child-rearing capacity is limited in the rural context, and they are often overwhelmed by children's diverse and complex needs, particularly their emotional ones. In view of the huge population and their vulnerability, it is imperative for the state to take up its responsibilities and develop specific social work services and other support for children left behind and their families.     

Kinship Foster Care and Its Impact on Grandmother Caregivers

Summary

Kinship foster care programs are designed to address the needs of relatives, usually grandparents, who have taken in children who have been removed from their homes voluntarily, or following a substantiated report of neglect and/or abuse. The author reviews the history of kinship foster care nationally and examines related research. Reported are findings on a survey of kinship foster care programs nationwide and from qualitative interviews with nine grandmothers from New York City who were kinship foster care providers. Particular attention was paid in these surveys to the impact of kinship foster care on families caring for children with disabilities.     

社会网络对健康行为的影响

个人社会网络对健康的积极作用已得到诸多研究的验证。研究认为,社会网络能推动人们的健康行为,从而提升健康水平,但这一影响机制尚需经验研究的支持。本研究利用一项大规模社会调查数据,检验了社会网络对“母乳喂养”这一健康行为的影响机制。研究结果发现,新生儿母亲社会网络中强关系比例越高,越可能在新生儿成长的早期为母亲提供实际的帮助和社会支持,从而提高母亲提供母乳喂养的可能性;她们的社会网络中如果有医务人员,能更有效地传递相关知识和信息,也可提高母乳喂养的可能。因此,社会网络主要通过提供社会支持与信息来促进健康行为,从而提高健康水平。     

Emotional kinship care and neutral non‐kinship care — the struggle between discourses

In this paper, social workers' ideas of kinship care and non‐kinship care as foster placement alternatives for vulnerable children are analysed and discussed. The study is based on group interviews with Swedish social workers, using a discourse analytic approach. The interviews took two vignettes of children who needed an immediate and long‐term placement because one of the parents had killed the other parent, as their point of departure. Domestic violence is a common social problem across countries, and controversies about placement alternatives become even more apparent when discussing lethal violence. The analysis revealed three main discourses: ‘emotional kinship care’, ‘neutral non‐kinship care’ and ‘a real family’. The emotional kinship care discourse also revealed two competing sub‐discourses: ‘emotions as glue that binds’ and ‘emotions as obscuring a child perspective’, displaying a struggle concerning the advantages and risks that social workers connected to kinship care. In this paper, the results and their implications for vulnerable children are discussed.     

Social Capital, Social Funds and Poor Communities: An Exploratory Analysis

Social capital has captured the attention of social policy-makers and development administrators, with its emphasis on social relationships, civic participation, collaborative action and norms of reciprocity. Social funds support small-scale community-based development projects aimed primarily at reducing poverty. This article synthesizes the relevant literature and explores the nexus between social capital and social funds in relation to poor communities. Drawing upon primary research in Jamaica, the article reports the outcomes of eight social fund sub-projects that involved local organizations in community-driven development processes. It analyses the role of social networks and the influence of community power structures in social capital creation. Social policy implications of the findings are discussed.