论价值相对主义法哲学的现代意义--兼论不宽容的"劳动教养制度"

文章以拉德布鲁赫的价值哲学及其对自然法与实定法冲突的见解为前提,借助当代中国法学家的人权和程序正义理论,对中国从"法制"到"法治"转变时期的劳动教养制度提出质疑.作者认为,根据拉德布鲁赫的法哲学和现代正义理论,劳动教养制度将走向被修改或废除的命运.     

劳教人员行为与认知的双重疗法

严某,男,1970年8月出生,初中文化,未婚。1990年起因盗窃曾7次被判处有期徒刑或劳动教养,在近二十年里,有15年是在狱中度过。最近一次是2008年10月因盗窃被判处劳动教养1年6个月,2010年4月28日被解除劳动教养而释放回家。     

邓小平法治思维的当代价值

邓小平的法治思维倡导法律的至上权威,主张通过集体领导和权力下放消除权力过分集中现象,强调制度安排的重要性并崇尚从制度方面解决各种问题。对于当前我国的法治社会建设,邓小平的法治思维具有十分重要的指导价值。     

劳教人员行为与认知的双重疗法

严某,男,1970年8月出生,初中文化,未婚。1990年起因盗窃曾7次被判处有期徒刑或劳动教养,在近二十年里,有15年是在狱中度过。最近一次是2008年10月因盗窃被判处劳动教养1年6个月,2010年4月28日被解除劳动教养而释放回家。严某的父母是20世纪60年代的知青,分配到了安徽乡下。1970年严某出生后,就托付于上海     

中国强制隔离戒毒的法律定位及制度完善

劳动教养制度的废除,表明这种不经司法裁判而限制人身自由的行政强制措施在制度层面的终结,这一政策倾向使得当前继续存在的强制隔离戒毒措施必然遭受类似的质疑.在形式上与劳动教养相似的强制隔离戒毒措施,在法律地位上能否获得相应的位置,以及在制度功效上能否契合当前社会管理的目标,这些都是值得研讨的问题.若强制隔离戒毒制度不能在法律正当性上得到合理的解释,在可预期时限内又不易解决,那么,探讨其在适用当中的缺陷并有针对性地对其措施手段或运行方式进行优化,就具有一定实践意义.     

问题导向下党政合署制度中的回应型法治分析

中国的党政合署制度自新中国成立以来,一直根据不同时期的历史问题,而向前推进,回应着不同历史时期的政治法律任务。到了新时代,新的历史问题与社会条件决定了党政合署制度能在规范完整意义上建立真正回应型法治。同时党政合署制度在回应社会治理问题前提下从政治性转向社会性。在解决具体问题的基层党政合署制度建设层面,回应型法治得到落地。     

引领与建构：习近平法治思想中的刑法意蕴解读

习近平法治思想对中国刑法理论的影响主要体现在立法引领与司法构建两个层面。在立法引领层面,中国废止了劳动教养制度,以刑法修正案的形式完善了刑法的内容,推进了刑法再法典化的进步,同时促进了民权刑法观、安全刑法观、系统刑法观立法理念的生成。在司法建构层面,中国刑事法治领域建立了以审判为中心的刑事诉讼制度、行政执法与刑事司法的衔接机制,以及保障人民群众参与司法、监督的司法机制,另外在司法实践的过程中也开创性地形成了注重人权保障、注重犯罪预防、注重刑法教义学构建的司法理念。深入梳理习近平法治思想影响下中国刑法理念的重大变化,对探索与发现中国刑事法治建设发展的历史规律具有重要意义,对中国日后的刑事法治建设亦大有裨益。     

中国基层法治化的关键-法治观培养

中国的法治建设关键在于基层 ,而基层法治建设的关键在于人们民主意识、法治观念的形成 ,这是由中国的法律文化传统决定的。村委会制度推行中的困难同样来自于此。那么本文就这一问题的由来以及这一根本问题的解决———如何培养基层的法治观念 ,在总结前人研究的基础上 ,提出自己的一些见解。     

法治概念的不足

法治就是依法之治。法治本身未必意味着民主,也不能代替以人为本。这些都是法治这个形式概念之外的实体目标,法治的实现并不表明这些良好的社会目标都能自动实现。从对法治的形式定义进行分析可知,法治概念存在不足。虽然法治和民主是天然的盟友,但是法治概念本身并不涵盖自由或民主,因而在关注法治的同时,不能忽视某些法治以外的重要制度因素。     

宪政视野下选举制度的完善

中国选举法虽然经历过四次重大的修改,但选举制度某些方面存在的缺陷仍然制约着民主法治的真正实现,不利于依法行政和在宪法视角范围内最大限度地保障公民的基本权利。因此,对选举制度的改革迫在眉睫。本文将从七个方面分析选举制度存在的缺陷,进而相应地提出解决方法。     

法制下法治与法治下法制

法制下法治和法治下法制是两种不同的社会存在。法制下法治之治理主体单一,法治下法制治理主体多元;法制下法治依赖国家法正义观支持,法治下法制依赖多维正义观支持;法制下法治以人为治理客体,法治下法制则以人和法律同为治理客体。在特定历史阶段,法制下法治曾经起过积极的作用;但是随着社会发展,民主勃兴和社会转型的逐步推进,法制下法治已经成为中国法制建设的瓶颈,应为法治下法制的理论和实践所突破。法治下法制是多元法律规则并存于社会与依法办事之法治原则的结晶。通过各种法规则的冲突、互动和整合,法治自然会从理想走向现实。     

依法治国必须弘扬正义法精神

由依法治国、依法治省到依法治市 (县、乡 )的全面依法治理 ,标志着中国已经实现了治国方式的重大转型。然而 ,由于对法治精神与原则把握和贯彻上的误区和障碍 ,却出现了工具主义、实用主义和懈怠主义倾向 ,使依法治理严重偏离法治目标。为此 ,必须对法治条件下的正义法精神予以重申和弘扬。这种体现时代要求的正义法精神 ,在价值导向上 ,以自由和平等为至上关怀 ;在规范形式上 ,以权利本位为基本模式取向 ;在制度理想上 ,以民主化法制为目标追求。只有弘扬正义法精神 ,才能克服依法治理过程中的不良倾向而使其沿着正确轨道走向法治 ,也才能实现法律规范体系与法的时代精神的耦合 ,从而建立起内在自觉、普遍有效的理性法治秩序 ,推动法治国家早日建立     

The Rule of Law Model of Internet Governance*

The rule of law is the basic form of national governance and the rule of law model is the necessary direction for the governance of online society. Online society is in essence a new pattern of social relationships and structural forms comprising relationships among citizens, legal persons, organizational bodies, etc., formed and brought together on the basis of Internet technology; and also a reflection, expansion and expression, singly or in synthesis, of various relationships in the fields of the real economy, politics, culture, society and the environment. The rule of law model of Internet governance refers to governance theories, systems and practices that employ rule of law thinking and the rule of law model to bring the elements, structures, procedures and functions of Internet governance into the scope of the rule of law and its operational track. Reviewing the tortuous course of the development of rule of law Internet governance in China, summarizing useful experience in the construction of rule of law Internet governance, and reflecting on existing legislative, law enforcement and judicial dilemmas will enable us to build up a rule of law system of online governance with comprehensive norms, effective implementation, strict supervision and strong guarantees. This will be marked by Chinese characteristics and will ensure the application of rule of law thinking and the rule of law model in governing, operating, using and safeguarding the Internet, thus achieving sound and orderly Internet operation and development along the path of the rule of law and advancing the modernization of the Internet governance system and governance capability.     

多元权利基础、公权力权威与良法之治

推进中国法治进程 ,并不仅仅是法律制度的简单植入或法律体系的建构 ,也不仅仅是“依法治理”对秩序的促动 ,而关键在于重构国家与市民社会的良性互动关系。即大力推进市民社会自主性 ,以多元社会权利来平衡和制约国家权力 ,缩减国家权力职能和建立其合法性权威 ,并弘扬正义法精神以实现良法之治。只有这样 ,以权力制约和权利保障为核心取向的法治秩序才能最终确立起来。     

论和谐社会构建中的司法哲学

和谐社会的建构应以法治为根基。法治在司法上表现为认真对待规则,重视文义解释,尊重法律文本的权威。司法克制抑或司法能动体现了法官释法的两种不同的司法哲学,其主要分歧在于法官行使自由裁量权的范围或限度。当下的法官拥有广泛的法律解释权,司法能动处于无序状态,应予以合理规制;法官应当奉行司法克制主义,认真对待和尊重规则,依据法律文本的含义解释法律,从而建构裁判规范,以确保法律意义的安全与稳定。     

The Development of Jurisprudence in China

Over the past forty years since the launch of reform and opening up in 1978, China has passed through three developmental stages: recovery, stability and flourishing growth. This development has revolved around the axis of “politics—rule by law—rule of law— rule of law system—rule of law path—rule of law China.” By virtue of discussion of the core themes of jurisprudence and basic categories, jurisprudence has mounted ever higher. On the basis of summing up existing experience, the development and progress of Chinese jurisprudence in the new era should firmly uphold a disciplinary orientation, an indigenous orientation, a mass orientation and an orientation toward practice and modernization. We must seek new logical starting points, constantly pioneer and innovate, and contribute new wisdom and programs to the comprehensive governance of the country according to law.     

The Rule of Law Approach to Government Governance in China*

Chinese government governance involves the two dimensions of autonomy and co-governance. The process of moving from government management to government governance is a synchronous process of moving from government by a legal system to a “rule of law” government. Such governance coincides with the rule of law in terms of fundamental guarantees, governance frameworks, intrinsic values, external forms, goal pursuits and construction paths and lays the foundation for the realization of government governance. The multi-subject structure, multiplicity of rules and regulations, interaction of processes, diversity of modes and complexity of disputes in this form of governance place new demands on the construction of the rule of law. In response to these needs, we should improve the government’s functional orientation and the disposition of its powers by means of statute law; expand the types of administrative bodies and improve the laws on administrative organizations; enrich the sources of law; use consensus rules to improve controlling rules; be guided by interactivity in improving the administrative procedure system; normalize diversified administrative behavior; and establish multiple dispute resolution mechanisms and strengthen right relief. This will highlight the rule of law path taken by government governance. In the course of the integration and interaction of such governance with the rule of law, we will need to coordinate our responses to its latent risks, such as governance pitfalls and the limitations of the rule of law.     

俄罗斯联邦行政程序制度述评

行政程序制度是俄罗斯联邦行政法学体系中正在形成和完善的一部分内容 ,相对于前苏联的行政程序制度已经有了较大的发展。俄罗斯行政法学者从研究行政程序的基本概念入手 ,从理论上和词语规范上理清了行政程序、行政司法程序、行政诉讼程序等基本问题 ;以 2 0 0 1年制定的《俄罗斯联邦行政违法法典》为范例 ,行政程序的原则经历了由维护国家管理向规范行政权、保障公民权的回归 ;与俄罗斯联邦建设法治国家的目标相统一 ,必将尽快结束行政诉讼与民事诉讼程序合而为一的状况 ,制定独立的行政诉讼法典 ;建立具有特色的行政法院体系或在普通法院体系中建立相对独立的行政法庭 ,是未来俄罗斯联邦行政程序制度的发展趋势。     

法律规范与法律规则--凯尔森与哈特的法律概念之比较

凯尔森和哈特对法律的概念有不同理解,凯尔森将规范作为法律的上位概念,而哈特则将规则作为法律的上位概念,法律规范和法律规则分别是他们认识法律的基本概念。凯尔森通过规范的观念强调了法律作为一个独立的逻辑体系的存在,奠定了法律科学独立的基础;哈特则通过规则的观念强调了法律同现实生活的密切联系,使法哲学在西方学术界重新恢复了活力。通过法律规范和法律规则的概念分析,对两位分析法学名家的理论可以有进一步的理解。     

Rule of Law Construction and Assessment at the Local Level

Going beyond the analytical model of the holistic state in rule of law discussion, we can classify the rule of law into national and local levels based on the stages and increments of its execution. The phenomenon of the local rule of law reflects the stages and incremental progress of building a rule of law China. It has a realistic foundation in society and a profound basis in legal theory. Comprehensively advancing the rule of law in China necessitates giving encouragement and support to construction of the rule of law at the local level. The attempts and experiments of local government enable us to explore and innovate the developmental model of the socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics. The rule of law at the local level is embodied in three dimensions: “text—action—concept.” Assessment mechanisms and indicators for the local construction of the rule of law should also be established in accordance with this framework. The building of the rule of law at the local level should be synchronized with assessment of the rule of law. We need to optimize top-level design, conduct evaluations of local legislation, improve local rule of law work performance assessment and use a rule of law index to assess the local rule of law in an overall manner.