声音

我们正进入一个“男盈女亏”的时代。一一据国家统计局人口统计资料推算,目前我国0～19岁年龄段人口中,男性比女性多2377万。中国人民大学社会与人口学院院长翟振武作出如上描述。不早操,不早读,不晚修,五个食堂任意吃,洗澡方便,交通便利,冬有暖气,夏有空调,女生宿舍独立卫浴。出门有天桥,男女厕所按比例分配,校长有信箱,书记有微博,选择自由,性取向自由,不禁校园亲热,师哥疼爱师弟,师姐爱护师妹。     

Sound

我知道,有些还提前安排好能说会道的贫苦户,然后在电视里把政府的工作都表扬一遍,这是不妥的。——1月3日,中共中央政治局委员、广东省委书记汪洋说：“年关要到了,大家都要去访贫问苦,但不能忘记这种形式所承载的实际内容,否则就变成了形式主义,甚至成为一些领导上电视的渠道。”你活,也让别人活。     

声音

与其“良心入法”,不如用法律扶起鼬心。——“良知入法,要把良知写入法律总则!”在近日举行的第四届“法治政府·南岳论坛”上,湖南省宁乡县人民法院院长马贤兴抛出一个独特观点。但很快就受到了多方质疑,于是才有了上述媒体的声音。     

声音

01 作为中国改革开放最前沿的桥头堡,如今竟显得像一个刚刚遭到敌对势力袭击的封闭边城。多大的事啊,不就是个大运会嘛,至于吓成这样子嘛。——深圳市规定,大运会开幕期间,场馆周边的小区居民,不得在家逗留,实在不愿离家,政府派出安保人员到其家中陪伴。时评人石述思评论道。     

The Sound of Silence

Abstract

In spite of professional association leadership, public schools have been reluctant to accept responsibility for protecting sexual minority students against acts of harassment and discrimination. Study results show attitudes of students and educators toward homosexual youth have changed little over the past ten years. It is proposed that active involvement of educators in the creation of safe and supportive environments for gay and lesbian students is no longer optional due to recent court decisions. Problem areas and suggestions for developing gay supportive school environments are provided.     

The Sound of Music in China

FOR several years, Cheng Fangyuan has harbored a plan for introducing American musicals to the Chinese stage. In 1995, she went to the United States to study the art form; every day for half a year, she got her artistic nourishment from attending shows which were playing on and off-Broadway. In the end, she     

America Needs a Sound Long-Term Care Policy

No abstract available for this article.     

Synesthetizing Sound Studies and the Sociology of Technology

This paper examines current issues at the intersection of the Sociology of Technology and the interdisciplinary field of Sound Studies. It begins with an overview of major social constructionist, interpretive semiotic, and actor–network theoretical sociological approaches to technology as developed within the field of Science and Technology Studies (STS). Considering the predominance of narrative visual metaphors in these approaches' treatment of socio‐technical perception, it is argued that the “turn to sound” in social studies of technology, rather than simply furnishing established analytic approaches with a fresh set of empirical cases (i.e. “sound technologies”), presents an opportunity to better sensitize STS approaches to the contingent socio‐technical shaping and distribution of embodied perceptual modalities in general. A critical review of recent social and historical studies of sound and technology, attending especially to debates surrounding the theoretical shift from acoustemological or soundscape‐based to signal‐oriented “transductive” approaches, suggests the importance for future STS and Sound Studies work of addressing how shared modes of sensory perception are produced within particular socio‐technical frames.     

Modeling Infant Speech Sound Discrimination Using Simple Associative Networks

Infants' responses in speech sound discrimination tasks can be nonmonotonic over time. Stager and Werker (1997) reported such data in a bimodal habituation task. In this task, 8‐month‐old infants were capable of discriminations that involved minimal contrast pairs, whereas 14‐month‐old infants were not It was argued that the older infants' attenuated performance was linked to their processing of the stimuli for meaning. The authors suggested that these data are diagnostic of a qualitative shift in infant cognition. We describe an associative connectionist model showing a similar decrement in discrimination without any qualitative shift in processing. The model suggests that responses to phonemic contrasts may be a nonmonotonic function of experience with language. The implications of this idea are discussed. The model also provides a formal framework fer studying habituation‐dishabituation behaviors in infancy.     

Revenue-Sharing in Movie Exhibition and the Arrival of Sound

During the silent film era, film companies rented the vast majority of their films to exhibitors for flat per-day fees. A technology "shock" in the form of the coming of sound led to the widespread replacement of flat fees by revenue sharing. This article seeks to determine why. It finds that sound technology altered the structure of incentives in movie exhibition, significantly reducing the scope for exhibitor shirking, reducing the cost of dividing attendance revenue ex post (necessary for revenue sharing), and, initially at least, raising the difficulty of negotiating lump-sum rental fees. As a result, percent-of-gross pricing became the norm. These findings allow additional light to be shed on the reasons for share contracts in general—most previous studies have been limited to an examination a cross-section of contracts.     

积极探索城市“黑车”整治的良策

所谓“黑车”,是指未经行业主管部门批准而非法运营的各类小客车、微型面包车、三轮摩托车、人力三轮车等车辆的统称。一个时期以来,随着我国城市化进程的日益加快,城市人口和规模快速膨胀,导致公共交通基础设施的建设和发展相对滞后,公共交通运力供给一时无法适应急剧增长的交通出行需求,     

Sound,silence, music: Organizing audible work settings

Music is by and large an underexplored social resource in the organization theory framework. There is small but intriguing literature on the uses of music in organizations, stretching back to the days of the engineering revolution, and a body of texts examining the innovation of musical instruments, but music remains primarily a marginal phenomenon in organization theory. Drawing on a variety of literatures, this paper suggests that music plays a key role in creating possibilities for agency. Studies of the use of music in manufacturing settings and in retailing provide empirical evidence of how music is not detached from broader social interests and concerns but rather is a constitutive element in the social fabric. The paper concludes that music and the scholarly field of musicology are two domains to be further explored in organization theory and management studies.     

Smuggled Sound: Bootleg Recording and the Pursuit of Popular Memory

This paper explores the meanings that bootleg recording holds in peoples’ lives. “Bootlegging” refers to the practice of making unauthorized recordings of live performances. Our paper is an interpretive analysis of interviews with bootleg producers and collectors. In their accounts, they suggest how their activities offer an extraordinary example of what it means to participate in contemporary popular culture. As bootleggers smuggle tape recorders into concerts, or trade tapes in underground networks, they pursue rare artifacts of popular culture. Their stories of bootleg taping, collecting and trading suggest an alternative to depictions of popular culture as merely a process of production and consumption. Instead, these accounts demonstrate how some people document their participation in mass cultural events on their own terms and for their own uses. Here, bootlegging is seen as an attempt by people to capture live performances, to collect them as a source of memory and authenticity, and to mediate the events of their lives through means of technological reproduction.     

The Interaction Order and Musical Sound: Shopping with Erving Goffman

Drawing on qualitative interviews and extending insights provided by Erving Goffman (1983, 1971), this article argues that music plays a crucial role in the interaction order of retail environments. I suggest music permeates these locations of consumption; shoppers are presented as perceiving musical sounds as both “territorial offenses” and sounds that can also represent an “intimate ally.” Crucial here is the nature of territoriality that manages an individual's exposure through the symbolic and literal placement of boundaries around the self, covering and protecting the self while navigating public space, tacitly securing rights in relation to others, and minimizing encroachments upon the “territories of the self.” I contend that when shopping, participants can feel “at home” in these locations thanks in part to the role of music but also in other cases actively avoid these situations, using privatizing music as a means of regaining auditory discretion. The contribution of this article extends Goffman's formulation of the interaction order, accounting for the dual role that music represents, as both a territorial offense and an intimate ally for shoppers.     

The Impact of Sound in Modern Multiline Video Slot Machine Play

Slot machine wins and losses have distinctive, measurable, physiological effects on players. The contributing factors to these effects remain under-explored. We believe that sound is one of these key contributing factors. Sound plays an important role in reinforcement, and thus on arousal level and stress response of players. It is the use of sound for positive reinforcement in particular that we believe influences the player. In the current study, we investigate the role that sound plays in psychophysical responses to slot machine play. A total of 96 gamblers played a slot machine simulator with and without sound being paired with reinforcement. Skin conductance responses and heart rate, as well as subjective judgments about the gambling experience were examined. The results showed that the sound influenced the arousal of participants both psychophysically and psychologically. The sound also influenced players’ preferences, with the majority of players preferring to play slot machines that were accompanied by winning sounds. The sounds also caused players to significantly overestimate the number of times they won while playing the slot machine.