外来流入人口的分母效应与大城市育龄妇女的超低总和生育率--以京、津、沪为例

全国第五次人口普查结果显示,2000年京、津、沪三大城市的总和生育率已经降低到0.67、0.88和0.68的超低水平.分析表明,大量外来人口的涌入和高等院校在校生规模的迅速扩大,以及无户籍"漂泊"人口的增加是造成大城市育龄妇女总和生育率超低水平的根本原因.在这种情况下,总和生育率指标在功能上存在明显的缺陷,既不能反映大城市育龄妇女真实的时期生育率水平,也不能反映大城市育龄妇女实际的终身生育水平.     

京津沪超低总和生育率形成原因的再认识

京津沪超低总和生育率中是否存在显著的外来人口分母效应和本地妇女的总和生育率是否大于或小于1是两个本质不同的问题。统计数据和进一步的分析均表明,平均生育年龄的推迟不能完全解释京津沪育龄妇女总和生育率的大幅度下降。在分析和推算京津沪育龄妇女总和生育率和高校在校生的性别和年龄构成时,不仅1‰或1%普查抽样数据的样本容量明显不足,“五普”长表数据本身也存在显著的代表性误差。“五普”常住人口统计口径的变化导致京津沪大量短期外来人口的增加以及20世纪90年代末期高等学校招生规模的剧增,必然会导致京津沪育龄妇女的总和生育率在统计上显著下降。     

关于外来人口分母效应的再讨论

本文就梁秋生对京津沪的外来人口分母效应检验提出的反质疑做出说明,并补充了采用新的划分口径和采用其他数据进一步检验的结果。新划分口径的检验和更大数据样本的检验仍然表明京津沪三城市中外来人口分母效应并不像他所推算得那样显著,本地妇女的总和生育率仍显著低于1·0。本文还指出了梁秋生在计算北京平均生育年龄变化时的错误、以及他在把握生育年龄变化方面的误解,并探讨了在理解当前总体生育水平方面时生育进度效应与外来人口分母效应的层面问题,以及外来人口分母效应能够得以体现的必要条件问题。本文将梁秋生对京津沪外来人口分母效应推算中应用的假设与五普1‰样本数据的相应统计结果进行了具体比较,指出他在推导在校学生性别年龄分布时可能产生的漏洞及其影响。     

Fertility and Financial Development in South Asia

The paper empirically examines old-age security hypothesis to explain fertility rates in South Asia. Panel data is used for the period 1972–2013 for seven South Asian countries which include Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The estimated results reveal that in South Asia fertility rate decreases with the increase in financial development. Thus, the findings support old-age security hypothesis that parents use children as financial instruments to secure their old age. This paper validates the theory that the availability of alternative financial tools reduces the incentives of households to have large offspring. Infant mortality is also shown an important factor for high fertility rate in South Asia. This implies that households cover their risk from losing children by producing more children. The results also reveal that fertility rate decreases with the increase in per capita income, which implies that households treat children as inferior good in this region. In other words, households prefer quality of children over quantity of children when their income level increases. The results have also shown that fertility decreases with the increase in education, urbanization, agriculture productivity and industrialization. The study has some important policy implications.     

Developmental Idealism and Beliefs About Marriage and Fertility in Turkey

Population Research and Policy Review - Developmental idealism (DI) contains a set of beliefs endorsing development, low fertility, and late marriage and causal connections between development,...     

Tibetan Fertility Transitions in China and South Asia

The own‐children method, an indirect technique, is used to estimate fertility rates for two populations of Tibetans during the 1980s and 1990s: a sample of rural villages in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China and exiles living in India and Nepal. The analysis provides evidence that these two populations underwent remarkably similar fertility transitions in both timing and magnitude. In both cases total fertility rates declined from over six births per woman to below the level of replacement in a span of 15 years. The parallel nature of these fertility transitions is intriguing given that, although the populations share a common ethnic identity, they have lived under sharply differing political, economic, and social conditions since the 1960s.     

Satellite outreach in Asia and the Pacific

Communication by satellite is rapidly changing information exchange in Asia, especially for rural areas. The integrated education planned for satellite networks includes family planning as part of general development. A series of conferences has already been held successfully via satellite for family planning associations who are members of the East and Southeast Asia and Oceania Region of the International Planned Parenthood Federation. These included a conference on nursing training. In India the Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) made history during its 1-year trial. By 1981 the entire nation is to be linked by satellite. The question is whether the television education will truly change rural life or whether it will become merely a diversion. In Indonesia, satellites were chosen as the fastest way to obtain interisland communication. The Domsat system links the entire 13,000-island archipelago and is already being used for emergency communications. The system, which was developed in 1 1/2 years by the Hughes Aircraft Corporation will be used for teaching basic health, hygiene, and family planning. It will be several years before Domsat is fully operational, but it bears watching.     

亚洲发展中国家和地区妇女实际生育水平与更替生育水平的评估

随着社会经济的发展,人口趋势发生转变,自然增长率与总和生育率降低。在这种大趋势背景下,对世界人口形势的判断有过于乐观之嫌以及针对人们对妇女更替生育水平的误解,利用亚洲一些国家(或地区)1990～2000年期间妇女年龄别生育率和死亡模式等数据资料,计算得到各国妇女更替生育水平,表明各国之间妇女更替水平存在较大差异。通过与其实际总和生育率比较,可以发现在发展国家中绝大部分国家实际生育水平依然高于妇女更替生育水平,发展中国家人口潜在的增长能量依然很大,世界人口增长的趋势依然强劲。因此,在注意生育率下降所带来问题的同时,也不能够忽视发展中国家人口增长所带来的全球影响。     

外来人口与我国城市低生育率

最近梁秋生和郭志刚二位教授围绕京津沪大城市超低生育率中外来人口的分母效应展开了讨论。他们得出了不同的结论。本文利用2000年人口普查千分之一抽样原始数据,对城市超低生育率中的外来人口分母效应作了进一步的检验和分析,认为外来人口的分母效应的大小,既与外来人口的规模,也与外来人口的生育水平有关。京津沪地区超低生育率中的外来人口分母效应并不存在,其原因是外来人口与本地人口的生育水平没有差别。对于全国城市地区,尽管外来人口的生育率显著地低于本地人口,但是由于外来人口规模不够巨大,它的分母效应也不太大。作为对比,广东省是最强烈体现外来人口分母效应的例证。不仅外来人口的生育率只及本地人口的一半,而且育龄妇女中外来人口占近30%,所以其分母效应非常明显。     

中国"独生父母"婚育模式初探:以上海为例

自2001年开始,我国第一代独生子女正逐渐进入一个婚育高峰.目前,"独生子女养育子女"社会现象已在数百万城市家庭中成为现实,约占同龄婴幼儿家庭的34%左右,未来十年里,"独生子女养育子女"的新家庭将以千万计.据本研究1828份在上海的问卷调查结果显示,独生父母在婚育观、家庭结构和抚养模式上具有自己的特点,同时独生父母也与非独生父母存在不少共性.研究在分析独生父母现象之后,进一步探讨了该现象对整个社会的影响.     

可持续发展与少数民族地区的计划生育政策--吉林延边朝鲜族与新疆维吾尔自治区少数民族低生育率比较研究

本文从计划生育的基本国策和2000年3月2日中共中央国务院颁布的《关于加强人口与计划生育工作稳定低生育水平的决定》(简称《决定》)出发,通过对我国人口生育水平的时间和空间分析,提出稳定低生育水平的工作难点关键是在少数民族地区。并以吉林延边朝鲜族和新疆少数民族生育水平为例,进行了比较研究,得出结论:对少数民族的计划生育优惠政策实际上是“好心照顾他,反到害了他”,只有降低生育率才更有利于少数民族地区的可持续发展。     

生育理性和生育决策与我国低生育水平稳定机制的转变

自改革开放以来 ,我国人口生育率水平出现了迅速的转变 ,特别是 1 992年我国确立了市场经济为目标的经济改革以来 ,生育率水平更是进一步降低到更替水平以下。如果说 ,生育率的迅速转变是在国家计划生育政策干预下启动的 ,那么 ,在 1 990年代生育率的下降应该主要是社会和经济发展的结果。以市场经济为导向的经济改革和经济的迅速发展 ,已经为稳定我国城市地区人口低生育率水平提供了必要的经济条件 ,同时 ,制度、技术和文化等因素的变革已经为我国个人生育决策理性化创造了条件 ,低生育水平的稳定机制已经开始从政策控制为主转向群众自我控制为主的转变     

中国婚姻结构与生育控制对生育水平的影响分析——基于简化的邦戈茨中间变量生育率模型

利用易于获取资料的、简化的邦戈茨中间变量生育率模型分析不同时期生育控制和婚姻结构对生育水平的影响。结果表明,在生育水平下降的前期(1970~1990年),其主要影响因素是生育控制,而在生育水平下降的后期(1990~1999年),主要影响因素则是婚姻结构。在新世纪(2000~2008年)生育水平的小幅度上升中,婚姻结构和生育控制对生育水平的影响大致相当。婚姻结构和生育控制对生育水平的影响规律可从文化堕距理论中得到有力阐释。     

中国的低生育水平及其影响因素

中国已经达到低生育水平,但对真实生育率却一直迷茫,人口规划与宣传口径与实际调查统计长期严重脱节.为了推进低生育水平研究,文章综述了低生育率类型的划分口径,并对若干生育率或出生漏报率的估计从方法上做了简要评论.借鉴国外低生育因素模型,文章对中国具体情况的研究发现:推迟生育对总和生育率具有显著压抑作用;而子女性别偏好对生育率的影响方式已经从多生转向性别导向的人工流产,因而也会显著降低生育率.文章还通过示意性测算表明,在低生育率研究中忽视其他抑制因素便会导致夸大出生漏报对生育率的影响.此外,文章还对近年人口流动对流出地和流入地乃至全国生育率的影响进行了分析.     

族际通婚对生育水平的影响:来自内蒙古的验证

新型生育文化及观念在蒙古族居民中已经形成,即使在少数民族地区优惠的生育政策下,蒙古族总和生育率也已经低于汉族和全国平均水平。为了更好地找出这一事实的原因,本文着眼于民族特征和跨族通婚,利用有序Logit Model对蒙古族居民的生育数量、存活数量、男孩数量、女孩数量的影响因素进行估计,发现蒙语表达能力的影响非常不明显,但是蒙语书写能力的作用比较明显。此外,民族特征和通婚特征对生育数量和存活数量的影响明显高于对生育性别的影响程度,对生育男孩的影响高于对生育女孩的影响。蒙古族生育出现持续递减的趋势,对稳定蒙古族生育水平提出了新的要求。     

婚姻形式与生育水平:对中国农村三个县的考察

应用在招赘婚姻高度流行区、中度流行区和低度流行区的调查数据 ,研究了婚姻形式以及个人、家庭和社会因素对生育水平的影响及其区域差异。研究结果有助于理解农村人口在社会转型中婚姻与生育的变化过程和后果 ,为在农村稳定低生育率提供新的思路和途径。     

Marital Processes, Arranged Marriage, and Contraception to Limit Fertility

An international transition away from familially arranged marriages toward participation in spouse choice has endured for decades and continues to spread through rural Asia today. Although we know that this transformation has important consequences for childbearing early in marriage, we know much less about longer-term consequences of this marital revolution. Drawing on theories of family and fertility change and a rural Asian panel study designed to measure changes in both marital and childbearing behaviors, this study seeks to investigate these long-term consequences. Controlling for social changes that shape both marital practices and childbearing behaviors, and explicitly considering multiple dimensions of marital processes, we find evidence consistent with an independent, long-standing association of participation in spouse choice with higher rates of contraception to terminate childbearing. These results add a new dimension to the evidence linking revolutions in marital behavior to long-term declines in fertility and suggest that new research should consider a broader range of long-term consequences of changing marital processes.