主动性人格对员工任务绩效和组织公民行为的影响机制研究

基于社会交换理论,本研究构建了一个有调节的中介模型,具体探讨主动性人格与任务绩效和组织公民行为(organizational citizenship behavior, OCB)的关系,以及此关系中领导-成员交换(leader-member exchange, LMX)的中介作用和仁慈领导的调节作用。本研究开展了两个调查研究：研究一通过网络调研平台收集了200名来自不同行业和企业的员工样本;研究二通过多源、多时点的现场调查,获得了来自44名主管和206名员工的配对数据。结构方程模型的分析结果显示：(1)员工的主动性人格对其任务绩效和OCB具有正向影响,LMX在其中起到了中介作用;(2)仁慈领导负向调节LMX与任务绩效和OCB的关系,即领导越仁慈,LMX与任务绩效和OCB的正向关系越弱。研究结论为更全面和辩证地认识仁慈型领导提供了新思路和有益启示。     

领导-成员交换关系质量和差异化对团队的影响

以3家制造企业的63个工作团队为研究对象,考察了团队层面的领导-成员交换关系质量和关系差异化对团队成员情感承诺和团队绩效的影响。研究结果表明,在控制变革型领导后,领导-成员交换关系质量对情感承诺和团队绩效仍有显著正向影响;关系差异化对这种影响有负向调节作用,表现为对关系差异化程度较低的团队,领导-成员交换关系质量对情感承诺和团队绩效的正向影响相对较强;对差异化程度较高的团队,领导-成员交换关系质量的正向影响较弱。研究结果在一定程度扩展了领导-成员交换研究的分析层次,同时发现了领导对不同下属的亲疏有别和差异对待会削弱领导-成员交换关系对团队的积极作用。     

变革型领导行为对员工建言行为的影响研究

主要研究变革型领导行为对员工建言行为的影响及其中介作用机制。在中介作用机制的探讨上,主要从心理认知和社会交换的理论视角出发,侧重于分析心理安全知觉和领导部属交换的中介作用。研究采用问卷调查研究的方法,研究对象是广州5家高科技电子制造企业中的213名员工及其对应的213名领导。通过数据分析发现:变革型领导行为对员工建言行为有显著的正向影响,领导部属交换与心理安全知觉在其中起着完全中介的作用。     

化被动为主动:共享型领导对员工主动变革行为的影响及作用机制研究

如何让员工将其工作角色外的行为,如主动变革行为,视为其角色内的行为越来越受到学者和管理者的关注。主动变革行为是指个体通过自愿的和建设性的努力来影响组织功能改变的行为,属于一种挑战性的组织公民行为。尽管以往研究对员工主动变革行为的影响因素进行了一些探讨,但主要聚焦于正式垂直领导和个体因素,鲜有研究关注团队情景因素对其的作用效果。通过问卷调查法,以69个部门和262名员工的配对数据为样本,本研究考察了共享型领导对员工主动变革行为的影响及作用机制。跨层次分析结果表明:(1)共享型领导对员工主动变革行为有积极影响;(2)主动变革行为的角色定义与和谐工作激情会分别中介共享型领导与员工主动变革行为之间的关系;(3)领导-成员交换质量会分别调节共享型领导与员工角色宽度自我效能与和谐工作激情之间的关系,领导-成员交换质量越高,共享型领导对员工角色宽度自我效能与和谐工作激情的积极作用越显著;(4)领导-成员交换质量会调节共享型领导通过角色宽度自我效能对员工主动变革行为的间接作用,领导-成员交换质量越高,这一间接作用越显著。     

差异化变革型领导对员工创新行为的影响：资源转化视角

 差异化变革型领导是变革型领导多层次建构的结果。早期的变革型领导研究尚未触及领导层面的核心,而差异化变革型领导研究为分层面探讨领导理论提供了新视角。按照中国式交往原则,领导在不同的工作场所会根据与员工不同的关系质量形成差序格局,进而表现出差异化的领导行为。而资源守恒理论认为,差序格局是领导与员工间资源交换差异的结果。        基于资源守恒理论和领导-成员交换理论,将环境动态性、环境竞争性、领导-成员交换引入差异化变革型领导与员工创新行为关系机制中,构建以领导-成员交换为中介、环境动态性和环境竞争性为调节的三维交互下有调节的中介模型,从资源视角揭示差异化变革型领导对创新行为影响的内在机制。采用结构方程模型、Bootstrapping法和双因素分析方法进行层面和简单效应分析,以25人以上的科技企业作为调研对象,收集软件研发、电子通信、生物医药、新材料制造等多个行业32家科技企业人力和研发部门的58个团队配对样本进行实证。        研究结果表明,团队一致性和个体差异性变革型领导均对员工创新行为具有显著正向影响,领导-成员交换在个体差异性变革型领导与员工创新行为间起部分中介作用,在团队一致性变革型领导与员工创新行为间没有中介作用;环境动态性与环境竞争性的交互项在个体差异性变革型领导与员工创新行为间以领导-成员交换为中介的间接关系中有正向调节作用,且高动态-高竞争环境组合更能促进领导资源优化配置。        中国情景下形成的圈子文化更利于领导与员工间的资源互动,进而促进创新行为,且组织内外部环境的高度协同更能促进领导与员工间的资源转化进程。均衡分配领导资源可以直接促进员工创新,但并不利于二者间的资源交互。研究结果厘清了复杂环境下差异化变革型领导者与成员的资源传递机制,为解释中国本土文化提供了新的视角。     

中庸思维、领导-成员交换与员工创新行为研究

员工创新行为不仅受到文化情景中思维和价值观的影响,还受到上下级关系的影响。基于领导-成员交换理论,构建中庸思维影响员工创新行为的理论模型,实证检验领导-成员交换的中介作用、差错反感文化的调节作用。对290份有效数据的研究结果表明:中庸思维与员工创新行为存在倒“U”型关系;领导-成员交换在中庸思维与员工创新行为的关系中发挥中介作用;差错反感文化负向调节中庸思维与领导-成员交换关系;高差错反感文化强化了中庸思维与领导-成员交换的倒“U”型关系,而在低差错反感文化下,倒“U”型关系变成“U”型关系。     

变革型领导、心理资本对员工工作绩效的影响研究

通过对华南地区2家企业的202对直接领导和下属的问卷调查,分别考察了员工的心理资本和传统性在变革型领导与员工工作绩效间的中介作用和调节作用.研究结果表明,变革型领导对员工的心理资本有显著影响;员工的心理资本在变革型领导与员工的任务绩效和组织公民行为间起到完全中介作用;员工的传统性在变革型领导对心理资本产生影响时起到调节作用,即员工在传统性上得分越高,变革型领导对他们的心理资本的影响越大.     

真实型领导对员工创新行为的影响:领导—成员交换和心理授权的中介作用

基于社会交换和内部动机理论,本文探讨真实型领导对员工创新行为的影响并厘清领导—成员交换关系和心理授权在两者之间的中介作用。以316名高新技术企业员工为对象,运用多层线性回归方法对样本数据进行统计分析。结果表明,真实型领导对员工创新行为有显著的正向影响,领导—成员交换和心理授权在两者之间起完全中介作用。     

道德领导对员工创新绩效的影响:社会交换的中介作用和权力距离取向的调节作用

本文基于社会交换理论,采用由202位下属及其领导构成的领导—下属配对数据探讨了道德领导对员工创新绩效的影响及其传导机制。实证检验的结果表明,道德领导对员工创新绩效和社会交换有正向影响作用,社会交换在道德领导与员工创新绩效之间起中介作用。而权力距离取向不仅调节了社会交换与员工创新绩效之间的关系,还进一步调节了社会交换在道德领导与员工创新绩效之间关系中的中介效应,即员工的权力距离取向水平越高,道德领导通过社会交换对员工创新绩效的间接影响作用越强。本文的研究发现有助于深入认识道德领导影响员工创新绩效的潜在中间机制和边界条件,并有效指导企业的创新管理实践。     

领导—成员交换差异与团队关系冲突:道德型领导力的调节作用

基于领导—成员交换(Leader-Member Exchange,LMX)理论和社会比较理论(Social Comparison Theory),本文对领导—成员交换差异与团队关系冲突之间的关系进行了实证研究.研究从领导者角度探讨了团队关系冲突的影响因素.来自79个项目团队的334名员工构成了本研究的样本,实证检验结果表明,领导—成员交换差异对团队关系冲突有显著正向影响,且团队领导者的道德型领导力在领导—成员交换差异与团队关系冲突之间起调节作用,即相对于较低的道德型领导力,较高的道德型领导力可以缓解领导—成员交换差异对团队关系冲突的影响.     

Educational Landscapes and Urban Development. Contextual and Spatial Interfaces and Linkages

In the broad sociopolitical discussion on education quality within the last decade, it has become apparent that education is gaining importance for urban development, as well as space and the urban context are important dimensions of education. This becomes particularly evident in concepts for local educational landscapes (Ger. Bildungslandschaften). The young field of research on educational landscapes is currently lacking empirical research from spatial and planning sciences. In the paper, the current state of scientific research on educational landscapes in Germany and Europe and first insights to contextual and spatial interfaces and linkages between education and urban development in general are presented.     

Inventory Models with Continuous and Poisson Demands and Discounted and Average Costs

We develop a new, unified approach to treating continuous‐time stochastic inventory problems with both the average and discounted cost criteria. The approach involves the development of an adjusted discounted cycle cost formula, which has an appealing intuitive interpretation. We show for the first time that an (s, S) policy is optimal in the case of demand having a compound Poisson component as well as a constant rate component. Our demand structure simultaneously generalizes the classical EOQ model and the inventory models with Poisson demand, and we indicate the reasons why this task has been a difficult one. We do not require the surplus cost function to be convex or quasi‐convex as has been assumed in the literature. Finally, we show that the optimal s is unique, but we do not know if optimal S is unique.     

E-governance and Corruption-developments and Issues in Ethiopia

This paper reports the results of a survey of 400 respondents in Ethiopia about factors generating corruption and the potential of e-Governance to mitigate corruption. It is suggested that e-Governance can help not only in weeding out corruption but also in the establishment of sounder government citizen relationships in Ethiopia. While e-Governance cannot cure all the structural factors that breed corruption in the society, strategic implementation of e-Governance can help improve the critical variable in combating corruption-government citizen relationships. It is argued that while e-Governance initiatives can make important contributions to improving public services they can best do so by helping improve overall relationships between governments and citizens.

The Challenge of Political and Economic Change in Poland and Central and Eastern Europe

This article discusses political and economic changes in Poland, Central and Eastern Europe emerging since the demise of the ‘closed system’ in 1989. The presentation explores the range of change, the method and the sequence of change. General lessons in economic transition as identified by Polish Finance Minister Lezak Balcerowicz are discussed. The challenges involved in macroeconomic stabilization, radical liberalization, currency convertibility, subsidy reduction and conversion of state-owned enterprises are reviewed. Despite their complexity, economic and political reforms proved necessary and inevitable. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Work and shopping overflow — Consequences and differentiation among selected psychological and demographic characteristics

Contemporary individuals are forced to deal with excessive stimulation, which causes an overload in the cognitive and emotional areas. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possible factors differentiating the perceived level of work and shopping overflow experienced by individuals and consequences of these states. Two psychological variables: cognitive control and sensation seeking, are chosen as potential factors differentiating the perceived levels of overflow. We assume that individuals with high cognitive control and sensation seeking will report lower levels of both types of examined overflows. Experiencing low overflow levels may manifest in the search for additional stimuli, rather than in the desire to limit them. Two indexes of behavior connected to seeking extra stimulation are selected: one belonging to the area of consumer behavior (readiness to participate in the experience economy) and one belonging to vocational behavior (choosing a boundaryless career). The quantitative study is conducted on a sample of 297 management students who are currently employed. The research results support the relation between cognitive control and perceived level of work and shopping overflow. Individuals who can cognitively control the situation and the incoming stimuli report lower levels of overflow. No significant relationship between sensation seeking and the level of overflow is found. The demographic variables that influence the perceived overflow are age and salary for work overflow and age for shopping overflow. As far as consequences of overflow are concerned, a low level of shopping overflow is related to readiness to participate in the experience economy. However, there is no link between work overflow and preferred career pattern. The managerial implications for human resource management and marketing strategy design are discussed.     

Review and preview of productivity research and applications

During the last two decades, productivity research and applications have not been given adequate importance when trying to attain excellence in the management of manufacturing enterprises. Recent developments in managerial philosophies Total Quality Management and Business Process Re-engineering , manufacturing technologies Flexible Manufacturing Systems, Computer Integrated Manufacturing, etc. and Information Technology innovations have made the traditional productivity improvement techniques obsolete. This article presents a review consisting of analyses of literature on productivity and a survey of manufacturing enterprises. A five-step preview strategy on productivity is enumerated which provides a meaningful direction towards future productivity research and application. The article is concluded by briefly describing the current research that is being carried out based on the preview strategy evolved.     

Definitions and linkages between operational and strategic flexibilities

This paper aims at clarifying the concept of strategic flexibility, starting from that much more common of manufacturing flexibility (or operational one). After characterizing the dimensions of the latter, a classification of strategic flexibility is presented which distinguishes four categories. The measures of strategic flexibility are also investigated. Then two analogies are pointed out with the operational flexibility. The first, of the cause-effect type, is on two levels: at the business level, the operational flexibility estimates the variation of practices, while the strategic flexibility measures the effect obtained on performances; at the corporate level, the operational flexibility estimates the variation of competences, while the strategic flexibility evaluates the change in business. The second analogy, related to the classification variables, permits the main types of operational and strategic flexibilities to be placed in a single framework. So this study seeks to provide a framework—which has not been proposed in prior literature—for analyzing and evaluating the correlated concepts of operational and strategic flexibilities, to create a theoretical foundation for future research and empirical testing.     

Review and reappraisal of modelling and predicting mental workload in single- and multi-task environments

The concept of mental workload has long been recognized as an important factor in individual performance within complex systems. It is documented that either overload or underload may degrade performance, and further affect the efficiency of the whole system. Therefore, systems designers need some explicit models to predict the mental workload imposed on individuals by the system at an early design phase so that alternative system designs can be evaluated. In examining mental-workload literature, it is found that few predictive mental-workload models have considered factors specific to individuals. This research aims to develop a practical framework for predicting mental workload in both single- and multi-task environments considering such individual factors. In order to describe mental workload more precisely and more completely, a framework for mentalworkload definitions, which contains instantaneous workload, average workload, accumulated workload, peak workload and overall workload, is proposed. In order to model individual factors, two new variables, i.e. effective workload and ineffective workload, are introduced to model the taskgenerated workload and individual-generated workload. The extension of the model to multi-task environments is also discussed. The proposed conceptual models are domain-independent and could be used to guide the development of operational models for different specific tasks.     

Chronic stress and chronic disease in life and work: Conceptual and methodological issues

This paper argues that the lack of strong prospective evidence linking occupational and social stress to chronic disease stems from the failure of research designs to attend sufficiently to the aetiological chronicity of such diseases. Studies of both supposedly acute stress (life events) and chronic stress in life or work must increasingly be designed to distinguish between stress which is sustained or chronic over a period of yean or even decades, and hence capable of causing a serious chronic disease, and brief or transient stress, which may produce transient or brief psychological or physiological disturbances but cannot generate major chronic disease. Prospective studies are needed which collect measures of both stress and health or disease at multiple points over an extended period of time. Measures of stress should focus more on affect (for example, feelings of pressure and tension) than on cognition (for example feelings of satisfaction). Limited existing evidence is consistent with these ideals.     

Beliefs and the Perception of Risks and Accidents

Identifying the causes of accidents is a necessary prerequisite for preventive action. Some research suggests however that the analysis of accidents does not only differ between experts and laymen but that it is also linked to certain characteristics inherent in the analyst and in the social group to which he belongs: beliefs, value systems, norms, experiences in common, attitudes, roles, social and technical practices, etc. Culturally determined bias seems to affect the perception of risk and the causes of accidents. This article presents a certain number of thoughts and results based upon research carried out on causal attributions of traffic accidents in The Ivory Coast (West Africa) and discusses the importance of culture in risk-taking and accident prevention. It shows in particular that fatalistic beliefs and mystical practices influence the perception of accidents and consequently incite one to take more risks and neglect safety measures.