横向并购初期固位策略销售服务网络结构优化

本文着眼于当今世界企业经营领域的前沿,对企业横向购并初期的销售服务网络的集成优化进行了深入研究,本文基于固定位置策略建立了优化模型,给出了模型的求解算法与计算复杂性。同时,本文以合并后5个销售服务中心30个客户为背景,给出了算法的仿真计算结果。     

基于离散粒子群优化的轧辊热处理调度方法

以某轧辊企业铸钢分厂的轧辊热处理调度问题为实际背景,研究了两阶段及三阶段无等待混合流水车间调度问题.针对问题中工件加工无等待特点,设计了分阶段实现的无等待算法;在此基础上,结合离散粒子群优化算法对建立的整数规划模型进行优化求解.通过对真实数据仿真实验所得结果的比较与分析,验证了算法的可行性和有效性,并给出了具有实际参考价值的设备改进策略,对生产决策者合理安排生产具有一定的指导意义.     

粒子群优化灰色模型在负荷预测中的应用

针对电力系统负荷特性,分析灰色模型GM(1,1)的应用局限性,引入向量α改进灰色模型背景值序列的计算公式,从而构建了适应性更强的GM(1,1,α)模型。应用粒子群优化算法非线性全局寻优能力来求解最优α值,提出了基于粒子群优化算法的灰色模型PSOGM,并给出了电力负荷预测的应用实例。实例证明PSOGM模型具有较高的预测精度和较广的应用范围。     

企业网络广告的定价策略研究

网络广告的定价策略有多种,本文对一个企业在多个网站发布广告按曝光次数定价策略建立了网络优化模型,并推导出其它常用的两种定价策略的模型.然后对网络广告中点进率降低、网站数量的选择、不同定价策略的差异等问题进行了分析.最后基于变分不等式方法提出了求解优化模型的算法并给出了算例,算例结果表明了网络模型对网络广告定价策略的选择是有效的.     

企业信息系统业务构件建模研究

本文从企业应用出发,探讨了企业信息系统业务构件建模的具体过程;介绍了信息系统常用的分层体系结构;指出了表示层构件、数据服务层构件相对较成熟而业务构件变化较大的特点;介绍了业务构件的主要特点;给出了业务构件的建模方案,并用该方案建立了一个企业信息系统的业务构件模型。实践表明,该方案能够有效提高企业信息系统的开发效率。     

基于TRIZ及BSC的企业信息系统规划架构设计研究

信息系统架构设计是企业信息系统建设的基础,为了使企业业务战略与信息系统战略有效匹配,根据TRIZ发明创新理论解决信息系统规划中的矛盾,建立了理想化信息系统架构概念,用BSC平衡记分卡把企业战略分解为关键成功因素CSF及相应的KPI指标,用TRIZ矛盾分析方法分析存在的矛盾,通过TRIZ、BSC及战略一致性模型结合,建立反映企业业务系统与信息系统之间匹配关系的数学模型,通过S公司工程案例演示了信息系统架构设计过程,对理论模型予以计算机仿真模拟.     

面向业务流程重组的结构化建模方法

本文提出了一种支持业务流程重组的结构化建模方法.首先是借助于CIMOSA功能视图识别出企业的业务活动,并以此建立起企业的功能结构模型-有向活动结构图;接着,在分析了结构模型可分解的条件之后,给出了一种用于过程辨识的模型分解算法;最后则讨论了如何确定过程之间的关系这一问题.     

战备航材组配优化模型研究

本文基于航材组配费用为约束条件,考虑航材串件拼修和修理对航材组配的影响,以期望满足率为评价指标,建立了战备航材组配优化模型.并对修理和串件拼修等多种情况进行了算法分析,得出了提高战备航材优化组配的措施.     

虚企业与ERP 软件关系研究

简述国内外ERP的发展过程,提出虚企业的概念,指出它与ERP软件系统的关系,揭示ERP软件中的模型与BPR之间的内在联系,探讨其结构的演变过程,分析引入该概念的意义和对信息系统研究的影响,如独立于现有企业实体的企业理论模型的研究,优化的企业流程、企业构架的建立;传统信息系统开发方式的改变,不应仿照原企业的构架建立企业管理信息系统;企业管理信息系统实施方式的改变,强调理论模型对信息化的企业管理及其实体结构的影响;最后指出虚企业发展的过程为软科学的研究提供了一条思路.     

虚企业与ERP 软件关系研究

简述国内外ERP 的发展过程, 提出虚企业的概念, 指出它与ERP 软件系统的关系, 揭示 ERP 软件中的模型与BPR 之间的内在联系, 探讨其结构的演变过程, 分析引入该概念的意义 和对信息系统研究的影响, 如独立于现有企业实体的企业理论模型的研究, 优化的企业流程、 企业构架的建立; 传统信息系统开发方式的改变, 不应仿照原企业的构架建立企业管理信息系 统; 企业管理信息系统实施方式的改变, 强调理论模型对信息化的企业管理及其实体结构的影 响; 最后指出虚企业发展的过程为软科学的研究提供了一条思路.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.