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1.
Summary Modelling studies are presented which describe the effect of lek mating on the control of a wild population by sterile male
release. The mixed leks are assumed to follow a Poisson-binomial distribution and the system includes three parts: territory
defense, matings inside a lek and matings outside a lek. The effects of parameters on the hatchability are discussed. Among
the parameters, sterile type effect (W
s
), female choice (f
s
) and mating competitiveness (C
m
) are the most important. The application to determining the effects of sterile male release and on the proportion of sterile
males required for eradication are also discussed. 相似文献
2.
J. P. Spradbery R. S. Tozer J. M. Robb P. Cassells 《Researches on Population Ecology》1989,31(2):353-366
Summary The feasibility of the sterile insect release method (SIRM) was tested against natural populations of the Old World screw-worm
fly,Chrysomya bezziana in the Musa Valley, Papua New Guinea. Sterile mating frequencies were determined from egg masses laid by native females on
wounded, sentinel cattle. The aerial release of sterilised puparia resulted in low frequencies of sterile matings and few
trap recaptures of released material. The release of chilled adult flies resulted in higher frequencies of sterile matings
and many trap recaptures. The mean density of males released was 230 males per km2 per week over a target area of 361 km2 (48% of the valley). Sterile masses were first detected 2 weeks after the release of chill flies commenced, reaching a weekly
peak of 33% after 5 weeks of releases with 15% of egg masses found to be sterile during the final month. The levels of sterile
matings achieved in this trial were similar to comparable SIRM studies made in the USA, Mexico and Guatemala to control the
New World screw-worm fly,Cochliomyia hominivorax. 相似文献
3.
Osamu Iwahashi 《Researches on Population Ecology》1977,19(1):87-98
Summary The sterile insect release method was applied to eradicate the melon fly,Dacus cucurbitae, from the 58.5 km2 island of Kume, in the Okinawa Islands group. Weekly releases of 1 to 1.5 million flies irradiated as pupae with 6–7 kR from
a cobalt-60 source did not decrease the wild melon fly population. Releases of 1.5–2 million pupae per week made from September,
1975 to January, 1976 decreased the percent egg-hatch of females caught on Kume Is., but did not decrease the percent infestation
significantly. The number of pupae released was increased from February, 1976 to accelerate the eradication process. When
the number of pupae released exceeded 3.5 million per week, a rapid increase in the ratio of marked (sterile) to unmarked
(wild) flies, a remarkable decrease in percent egg-hatch, and a decrease in percent infestation of fruits were observed. There
has been no sign of melon fly infestation in wild cucurbit fruits from October, 1976 to the present time (April, 1977), despite
the fact that more than 70,000 fruits were carefully examined. The eradication of the melon fly from Kume Is. was thus achieved
by April, 1977, after the release of 264 million sterile fly pupae. 相似文献
4.
Summary Simulation models were presented which describe the matings inside a lek. The size of the lek was assumed to follow a poisson
distribution, the dominance factor of each of the males was drawn from a gamma distribution, and the mating probability for
each male was determined by its mating effectiveness raised to female mating factor divided by the sum of all the mating effectivenesses
raised to this power. The mating probatility for each male and the actual matings were determined by Monte Carlo simulation.
Based on the simulation data, the effects of female mating factor and size of the lek on the frequency of actual matings accomplished
by the males inside the lek were discussed. In the case of male annihilation, the mean number of effective matings per male
in the lek, calculated from the frequency of actual matings weighted by the effective mating ratio, was used to evaluate the
efficiency of male annihilation method. 相似文献
5.
Hugh J. Barclay 《Researches on Population Ecology》1981,23(1):145-155
Summary A differential equations model of competing species with the release of sterile individuals of one of the species is examined.
The system is found to have two positive steady states for certain parameter values; one of these is stable and the other
is unstable. The system is quite resilient around the stable steady state. The release of steriles causes the nontarget species
to increase in numbers. There exists a value of the release rate above which the pest species collapses to extinction. The
existence of the competitor species assists the sterile release program since the pest equilibrium at any release rate is
lower with the competitor species present than without it; in addition the release rate required to cause collapse of the
pest species is lower with the competitor species present than without it.
The effects of the parameters on the ease of eradication were examined. It was found that the ideal competitor species should
have a high rate of increase, a large carrying capacity and exert strong competitive depression on the pests. The ideal pest
would have a low rate of increase, a low carrying capacity and be a poor competitor. 相似文献
6.
Hugh J. Barclay 《Researches on Population Ecology》1980,21(2):165-180
Summary A continuous-time density dependent model was constructed of a species with a two stage life cycle. This model has a unique
stable equilibrium. With the introduction of steriles at constant rate a second positive unstable steady state appears; this
condition does not depend on the mode of action within the life cycle of the density dependence or its relative strength.
A comparison was made of the effects of having the density dependence in each of larval and adult recruitment and larval and
adult losses. It was found that if only adult recruitment is denisty dependent, then adult numbers can actually increase with
the release of steriles provided density independent recruitment greatly exceeds density independent losses. Sterile releases
were often more effective against larvae than against adults, although in some cases not importantly so.
Density dependence in recruitment gives much lower equilibrium values than when density dependence of comparable strength
is in the mortality.
The release rates needed to cause extinction were generally between 0.1 and 0.5 of the larval equilibrium with no sterile
releases except when the density dependence is predominantly in adult recruitment, in which case much higher release rates
are required. 相似文献
7.
Yoshihiro Yamada 《Researches on Population Ecology》1995,37(1):9-21
A revised key-factor analysis was presented for analyzing the temporal changes in the ratio of insect absolute number to plant
resource. Ten data sets for 5 insect species were then analyzed. In this key-factor analysis, the key factor is defined as
the factor contributing highly to between-year variation inR
r
, the log rate of the inter-year change of the insect-plant ratio. The yearly change of plant resource was handled as a separate
factor, expressed byr
pl
, log ratio of plant resource in yearn to plant resource in yearn+1. The following was revealed: 1) In 7 of the 10 data sets examined,r
pl
influenced variations ofR
r
; in particular in 3 casesr
pl
was the main key factor. 2) Generation-to-generation fluctuations of absolute insect densities showed density dependence
in 4 cases, while those of insect-plant ratios, in 8 cases. 3) The Royama model or a linear model, explained well the relationship
between log insect-plant ratio (X
r
) andR
r
and the relationship betweenX
r
and log yearly change rate of absolute insect density (R
abs
). However, in the 7 cases in whichr
pl
was a critical factor for variations ofR
r
, with, increase ofX
r
,R
r
showed a steeper, decrease around the equilibrium point (the point for whichR
r
is 0) thanR
abs
. This occurred becauser
pl
tended to be negatively correlated withX
r
. Consequently, in two casesX
r
fluctuated cyclicly or chaotically although without the changes in plant resource, fluctuations ofX
r
would be damped oscillations approaching equilibrium. 相似文献
8.
Hugh J. Barclay 《Researches on Population Ecology》1992,34(1):91-107
Summary An age-structured population model is used as a vehicle for presenting a method for the analysis of interactions between pairs
of insect pest control methods. This analysis is based on partitioning the total mortality acting on a population into its
constituent components from all known sources. Pairwise critical mortality curves are then constructed which represent the
combined mortality required for eradicating the pest population. Effort curves are then constructed from computing the mortality
resulting from a given amount of control effort. The convolution of the critical mortality curves and the effort curves then
yields the isoclines formed by the effort required of two control methods in combination to achieve eradication. This analysis
allows the prediction of either synergism or interference between the control methods and also helps explain patterns observed
in previous modelling of such combinations of pest control methods. 相似文献
9.
Summary An age-structured population dynamics model is presented that incorporates pheromone-trapping and food-trapping as control
methods for an insect pest. The model yields the following results. Low rates of pest survivorship allow lower trapping rates
for control. Species with long developmental periods are easier to control than those with shorter developmental periods (other
factors being equal) due to lower net survival. The rates of pheromone trapping alone for effective control are usually very
high. The combination of pheromone and food trapping allows control with much lower trapping rates than either method alone.
Even small amounts of immigration of adult pests into the control area renders pheromone control ineffective, whereas food
traps suppress both the immigrants and the resident population. Food- (or odor-) baited traps which attract both males and
females are only somewhat more efficient than those which attract females alone. The existence of density-dependent population
regulation assists the control program substantially, but this assistance declines as food trapping becomes a more important
part of the control program. Larval competition strongly affects the required trapping rates for eradication; species in which
all larvae exert strong competition are much easier to control than those in whic the younger larvae contribute little to
the total competitive depression. 相似文献
10.
Summary A continuous-time differential equation model was constructed which describes the population dynamics of a predator prey system
in which sterile prey are released in a program designed to eradicate or reduce the prey population. It was found that the
dynamics of the system behave quite differently when predators are present.
Two conditions were found which have differing implications for the control program. If the predators still exist when the
wild prey population declines to extinction, then the SIRM is assisted by the predators, sometimes to a considereble extent.
If the predators decline to extinction before the wild prey population goes extinct, then the predators may or may not assist
the SIRM depending on the parameters of the system. If the predators do assist the SIRM, then a potentially dangerous situation
exists in which an explosion of the prey population could occur after the predators go extinct. Predator polyphagy would probably
minimize this danger of an explosion since it would stabilize the predator population. 相似文献
11.
M. Ishihara 《Researches on Population Ecology》1994,36(2):261-269
In Lepidoptera, females that produce only female progeny have been found in wild populations of at least 12 species. In some
species, recoveries, where abnormal females return to normal females, have been observed. A mathematical model of the population
dynamics with recovery was developed to identify the conditions for realizing the persistence of abnormal females. Analysis
indicated normal and abnormal females coexist and reach an equilibrium state at certain recovery rate values. The equilibrium
values of normal and abnormal females were determined. When a population was in equilibrium it was shown that the ratio of
normal to abnormal females and the sex ratio after reproduction are always functions of the recovery rate and the proportion
of female offspring from an abnormal female to that from a normal female. Using the simulation it was found that, even when
a population fluctuates under variable environmental conditions, the two ratios mentioned above reach equilibrium. Equilibrium
relationships were applied to published data, and it was concluded that recovery from abnormal to normal females explains
the persistence of abnormal females in some species of Lepidoptera. The model developed in this paper can also be used for
analysing the persistence of abnormal females of other insect species. 相似文献
12.
John D. Kasarda 《Demography》1971,8(3):307-317
This study empirically investigates the relationship between the economic structure of populations and their level of fertility, using data from censuses recently conducted in some 50 nations. Findings show that high rates of female labor force participation outside the home and low rates of economic activity of children depress a society’s fertility level, as measured by the crude birth rate or the child-woman ratio. It is also hypothesized, but not confirmed, that the per cent of unpaid family workers in a society is positively related to its fertility level. A model is presented that treats these three components of economic structure as intervening variables through which the exogenous variables, urbanization, industrialization, and education, operate in influencing the fertility level of a society. 相似文献
13.
Alan A. Berryman 《Researches on Population Ecology》1978,19(2):181-196
Summary An attempt is made to consolidate and extend some of our current thoughts on insect epidemiology using graphical reproduction
models. Starting with a simple model with a single equilibrium point, the elementary hypothesis is proposed that epidemics
erupt when this equilibrium point increases substantially through improvement of the insect's habitat. The extension of this
model to more than one coincident equilibria, some of which may be locally stable, is discussed and generalized using the
theory of habitat suitability. Use of equilibrium manifolds is suggested to permit greater dimensionality. Lastly, an explanation
of insect epidemics, based on the effects of time delays in the response of density-dependent processes, is elaborated and
generalized. The influence of spatial dimensions and insect dispersal on the theory is discussed.
Scientific Paper No. 4890, College of Agriculture Research Center, Washington State University. Modified from a paper presented
at the joint meeting of the Sociedad Mexicana de Entomologia and the Pacific and Southwestern Branches of the Entomological
Society of America, held at Guadalajara, Mexico, April 17–22, 1977. This work was conducted under Project 102 and was supported
by the State of Washington and the National Science Foundation (Grant Nos. GB-30752 and GB-34718). 相似文献
14.
Eizi Kuno 《Researches on Population Ecology》1978,20(1):50-60
Summary Simple models are constructed to describe the rate of mating in insect populations. The models are based on the assumption
of random mate-searching in a closed habitat, including four parameters, i.e., population size, sex ratio, searching efficiency
and male's capacity on mating frequency. The modes of effects of these parameters on the rate of mating are analyzed and some
principles deduced are discussed in relation to the mating process in natural populations.
This study was supported by science research fund from the Ministry of Education. 相似文献
15.
T. S. Bellows Jr. 《Researches on Population Ecology》1986,28(1):63-67
Summary The impact of variation in developmental times on behavior of models for insect populations is investigated with special reference
to models which include various types of intraspecific competition. At low densities, increases in developmental variation
led to decreases in reproductive rate. At high densities, increases in developmental variation led to increases in reproductive
rate. There was little change in the relationship between developmental variance and generation time as density increased. 相似文献
16.
Robert A. Pollak 《Demography》1986,23(2):247-259
The ability of classical stable population theory to determine the equilibrium growth rate and age structure of a population from its vital rates in a single period depends on assuming that the observed maternity rates are equilibrium rates. This paper resolves the two-sex problem by replacing the fixed, age-specific fertility schedule of classical stable population theory by two basic relationships: a “birth matrix” and a “mating rule.” Placing certain restrictions on the birth matrix and the mating rule (BMMR), I establish that under certain plausible conditions, the BMMR model solves the two-sex problem by allowing matings and births to adjust to changes in population structure. The BMMR model thus provides an equilibrating mechanism in place of a fixed maternity schedule of classical stable population theory. 相似文献
17.
Hugh J. Barclay 《Researches on Population Ecology》1982,24(2):405-416
Summary The stability of a pest population is one of the critical features to be examined when considering a control strategy for
a given pest species. Four models involviing sterile male releases are examined for various stability characteristics; the
models examined were: (i) a simple one stage model with no species interactions, (ii) a two life-stage model, (iii) a model
involving two competing species, (iv) a model in which the pest is under predation. Of the four, the simple model was the
most stable and the predation model was the least stable under continued sterile releases. 相似文献
18.
A survey of 1 child families in the Shihezi area showed a higher ratio of boys, 920 boys vs. 822 girls (1.12:1.00). There was also a higher ratio of boys among children born between 1975-1980, but the proportion of girls was higher among children born before 1974. The ratio of boys was higher among firstborn children born between 1976-1980 (1.086:1.00), while the sex ratio was 1.00 among 2nd born children born between 1976-1980. School children between age 6-18 showed 6266 boys and 6218 girls (1.01:1.00). The sex ratio of the total population in the Shihezi area was 1.05:1:00; this coincides with our national ratio of 1.08:1.00 (1953 census) and the world sex ratio of 1.0035:1.00 in 1975. The universal occurrence of more males than females is probably a result of physiological factors. It is actually beneficial to the country to have a slightly higher ratio of males because many jobs are more suitable for men because of their physical condition and the accidental death rate is also higher for men. The slightly higher percentage of boys among single child families was not statistically significant (P0.05). 相似文献
19.
Midori Tuda 《Researches on Population Ecology》1998,40(3):293-299
In an insect host (the cowpea weevilCallosobruchus maculatus)- parasitoidHeterospilus prosopidis) experimental system, the population densities of the component species oscillated for the first 20 generations and then
abruptly stabilized as the parasitoid density decreased. Examination of the host and parasitoid after the 40th generation
in the long-term experiment showed that (1) host larvae exhibited contest-type competition (killing other larvae inhabiting
the same bean), in contrast to the founder population being scramble-type competitors and (2) the parasitoid attack rate on
the host did not change. There was also an evolutionary trade-off between body size and the rates of larval survival and development,
suggesting a cost of contest competition on larval survivorship and development. I tested model predictions (Tuda and Iwasa
1998) that (1) host equilibrium population size should gradually decrease as the proportion of the contest type increases
and that (2) random attacks of the parasitoid on the host should reduce the rate of increase in proportion of the contest
type, and the effect should become manifest especially during the first 20 generations. Two of three host-only replicates
showed significant decrease in population sizes. Although the density of emerging adults per bean did not differ between replicates
of the host-only and host-parasitoid systems, comparison of the host body size between them on day 270 (at the 13th generation)
showed that the host was more contest-type in the host-only system than in the host-parasitoid system, as the model predicted,
and later on day 650 the effect of the parasitoid had disappeared. 相似文献
20.
《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2022,35(3):e294-e301
Problem and backgroundCaesarean section (CS) rates in Australia and many countries worldwide are high and increasing, with elective repeat caesarean section a significant contributor.AimTo determine whether midwifery continuity of care for women with a previous CS increases the proportion of women who plan to attempt a vaginal birth in their current pregnancy.MethodsA randomised controlled design was undertaken. Women who met the inclusion criteria were randomised to one of two groups; the Community Midwifery Program (CMP) (continuity across the full spectrum — antenatal, intrapartum and postpartum) (n = 110) and the Midwifery Antenatal Care (MAC) Program (antenatal continuity of care) (n = 111) using a remote randomisation service. Analysis was undertaken on an intention to treat basis. The primary outcome measure was the rate of attempted vaginal birth after caesarean section and secondary outcomes included composite measures of maternal and neonatal wellbeing.FindingsThe model of care did not significantly impact planned vaginal birth at 36 weeks (CMP 66.7% vs MAC 57.3%) or success rate (CMP 27.8% vs MAC 32.7%). The rate of maternal and neonatal complications was similar between the groups.ConclusionModel of care did not significantly impact the proportion of women attempting VBAC in this study. The similarity in the number of midwives seen antenatally and during labour and birth suggests that these models of care had more similarities than differences and that the model of continuity could be described as informational continuity. Future research should focus on the impact of relationship based continuity of care. 相似文献