Sectoral FDI inflows and domestic investments in Pakistan

In this paper, for the first time, we analyze the relation of sectoral FDI with domestic investment in Pakistan by using ARDL cointegration technique over a period of 1980–2012. Empirical findings show that aggregate FDI crowd in domestic investment, however, the effects of aggregate FDI on domestic investment in Pakistan cannot be generalized. The impact of FDI on domestic investment varies across sectors. The empirical findings in the study at sectoral level suggests that FDI in manufacturing and services sectors crowd in domestic investment while FDI in primary sector assert insignificant impact on domestic investment in Pakistan. Analyzing the reverse causal impact running from domestic investment to FDI, this study confirm that domestic investment is important in attracting FDI across the board in all the three sectors i.e. primary, manufacturing and services sectors. The positive role of FDI in manufacturing and services sectors and supportive role of indigenous investment infrastructure is of utmost importance for FDI to promote domestic investment in Pakistan.     

改革开放以来北京市的投融资体制研究

改革开放以来,在中国城市投融资体制转轨背景下,北京市以国有资本为主的投融资体制,在市场化的推动下逐步形成了多元化的投资环境。政府主导的市场化投融资体制之间形成了以下关系:一是政府投资和市场化运作之间存在显著正相关性;二是民间资本和外资成为新的投资与运营主体;三是投资主体多元化和融资渠道商业化,加快了城市发展的进程。     

中国对俄直接投资对中俄贸易的影响

中国对俄直接投资的迅速发展必然会对中俄贸易产生一定的影响.为深入分析中国对俄直接投资的贸易效应,采用面板数据模型,对中国对俄直接投资与进出口之间的关系进行实证研究,并将俄罗斯与中国其他主要投资东道国的情况进行比较分析.结果表明:中国对俄直接投资具有显著的出口创造效应与进口创造效应,且出口创造效应高于进口创造效应;与其他主要投资东道国相比,中国对俄直接投资对出口的促进作用较强,而对进口的促进作用较弱.     

The volatility of the socially optimal level of investment

In this paper, an annual series for the socially optimal level of investment from 1960–1961 to 1993–1994 for Australia is derived from a vintage production function and compared to the actual series for investment over the same period. The vintage production function can be expected to yield a smoother socially optimal investment series than that derived from a nonvintage, homogenous capital production function. Even so, the resulting series for socially optimal investment is much more volatile than the series for actual investment. Several alternative assumptions are tried in an attempt to further smooth the socially optimal investment series. These include smoothing the assumed values of the exogenous variables, modelling adjustment costs and delivery lags, and changing the form of the production function. While these approaches do succeed in smoothing the investment series, in order for the socially optimal investment series to be as smooth as the actual series the assumed values of the parameters must be quite unrealistic. In the conclusion, we suggest that, in the future research on the socially optimal level of investment, the role of liquidity constraints and of irreversible investment should be investigated.     

投资、消费与经济增长

刺激消费不能作为当前宏观政策实施的重点 ,因为投资特别是非国有投资不足才是当前我国经济面临的主要矛盾。非国有经济投资不足的原因在于融资的交易成本太高 ,致使投资意愿得不到相应的资金支持而难以实现。有效解决民营经济的融资难问题 ,实现投资增长和消费回升 ,根本出路在于通过深化金融体制改革 ,进一步完善货币政策传导的微观基础和相应的实施条件。     

北京市义务教育财政充足现状、缺口及对策

教育财政充足的内涵是在保证教育服务均衡和学生学业成就基础上的财政投入量,这与北京市优质义务教育均衡的政策目标基本一致.教育财政充足度的投入指标和产出指标显示,目前北京市义务教育财政投入在国内已经处于领先地位,但与国际发达国家相比仍旧存在不充足的问题.利用Odden-Picus指数计算北京市义务教育财政投入的充足性水平和实现充足的资金缺口,结果表明:小学的财政充足性低于初中,学校层次的财政充足性低于区级层次;实现区层次的义务教育财政充足还需增加投入180.97亿元.以朝阳区为例,实现学校层次的义务教育财政充足还需增加投入28.43亿元.面对财政投入缺口,北京市政府应筹划总量,优化结构,保证财政投入的绝对增长;细化规则,透明管理,绩效问责,实现财政投入相对增长.     

巴菲特战略投资理念研究及在中国证券市场应用研究

巴菲特的战略投资理念主要是由战略投资理论、战略投资原则和投资行为理念构成的。战略投资理论主要包括接近零风险理论、集中投资组合理论和有效市场理论。战略投资原则主要是企业原则、经营原则、财务原则和市场原则。投资行为理念主要是指 5项投资逻辑、1 2项投资要点、8项选股标准和 2项投资方式。借鉴巴菲特的战略投资理念 ,充分考虑中国证券市场的现状 ,中国证券市场应是以中短期投资活动构成战略投资为理念的。     

1988年以来台商大规模投资内地的进程与特点

1987年台湾当局开放民众赴内地探亲之后,台商才开始大规模投资内地,前后经历三波投资热潮,目前正在酝酿第四波投资热潮。近20年来,台商对内地投资以制造业为主,服务业次之,农业的比重最小;投资分布主要集中于沿海地区,逐步向中西部地区扩散;投资经济效益明显,规模不断扩大。     

A phased increase in the U.S. investment rate: Sacrifice times, T-year gains, and investment rate returns

We simulate a phased increase in the U.S. investment rate using a translog production function with technical progress (disembodied and/or embodied). We assume there will be an absorption lag implying that factors are underutilized during the transition to a higher investment rate. We find that the “sacrifice time” (the time that elapses until consumption surpasses the value it would have had under the initial investment rate) is roughly nine years. Across alternative specifications, phase-in periods, and absorption lags, the sacrifice time varies from seven to 13 years, and is insensitive to the percentage increase in the investment rate. With a three-year phase-in of a 20 percent increase in the investment rate with a one-year absorption lag, the average “ecade gain” in output (the percentage gain at the end of a decade) is roughly 4 percent; the decade gain in consumption, 0 percent; the five-decade gain, 10 percent in output and 6 percent in consumption; and the “investment rate return” (the internal rate of return on a permanent increase in the investment rate), 13 percent.     

产业投资结构与产业结构的关系分析

产业结构是由产业投资结构决定的 ,产业结构的调整和升级依赖于产业投资结构的优化。产业投资结构和产业结构之间存在着相互制约和影响的关系 ,当前产业结构调整和投资结构脱节的根本原因 ,在于经济管理体制。应把经贸委、财政、计委联系起来 ,建立产业结构与投资结构的关联体制 ,实现产业结构调整和升级的目标     

经济增长:内生增长理论与中国人力资本投资

内生增长理论是现代经济增长理论中的一个核心内容.从长期经济增长率所依赖的路径来看,人力资本和技术进步作为经济增长的内生因素,可以弥补因其他要素收益递减而带来经济增长停滞这一局面.技术进步是由人力资本投资所形成的有效机制而演化成增长动力的一种必然结果.中国技术进步贡献度低下的最主要原因,是由于人力资本投入不足(人力资本积累不足)造成的.在国家财政政策干预下,以内生增长为动力,逐步形成有利于经济增长的物质资本投资向人力资本投资转换的机制.     

风险投资与创业板市场

:风险投资作为支持科技成果转化的工具 ,已成为学术界研究的热点。本文探讨了风险投资的特点及作用 ,分析了发展风险投资的关键是建立风险投资退出机制 ,即发展创业板市场。文中对拟开设的创业板市场的特征、企业选择标准及市场风险防范做了较为详细的论述     

外商在我国西部的投资环境评析

外商到西部地区投资所关注的首要问题是投资环境 ,投资环境的优劣将对外商投资的动机和行为 ,投资的数量和质量产生重大的影响。我国西部地区政治稳定 ,民族团结 ,丰富的矿产资源和独特的旅游资源为外商在西部投资创造了良好的条件。但是 ,西部地区公路、铁路、通讯等基础设施还很落后 ,生产力相对落后 ,经济体制滞后等不利因素的存在阻碍着外商到西部地区投资。为吸引更多的外商在西部投资 ,今后国家要给予比东部更加优惠的政策 ,但要防止过渡优惠的政策酿成“政策竞争”的倾向。     

湘、资、沅、澧“四水”流域污染治理投融资分析

"四水"流域在实现经济高速增长的同时面临着严峻的水环境问题,投融资问题是解决"四水"流域水污染治理的关键问题之一。目前,流域污水治理投资总量不足,投入资金营运效率低下。为此,应探索多元化投融资机制和市场机制,以解决"四水"流域水污染防治投融资问题。     

资源获取与对外直接投资——基于中国采矿业上市公司数据的经验研究

基于企业层面数据对中国采矿业对外直接投资的动因进行实证分析.使用中国采矿业上市公司的对外直接投资数据,在计量模型中纳入微观企业特征、东道国特征、中国与东道国的联系三类影响因素,计量结果表明,中国采矿业上市公司在投资决策中更关注的因素是未来从东道国获取矿产资源的潜力,证实了中国采矿业上市公司对外直接投资的主要目标是从东道国获取资源.与此同时,中国采矿业上市公司进行对外直接投资决策时还受到其他多方面因素的影响.采矿业企业未来需要进一步提高投资技巧,保证投资手段的多元化、合理化,加强对投资项目的经营管理能力,加强投资风险意识,规避投资风险,提高投资收益率,同时努力改善采矿业企业的对外投资环境,提高未来采矿业企业与东道国投资合作的成功率.国家应加强对外经贸合作,充分挖掘与其他国家和地区的合作潜力,并在政策激励和制度安排上提供必要支持,促进和优化中国采矿业企业对外直接投资.     

Direct foreign investment in mining and manufacturing in underdeveloped states

Does direct foreign investment in underdeveloped countries help or hinder economic growth? Is the effect the same for investment in mining as it is in manufacturing? Does it affect agriculture, transportation, manufacturing, and communications sectors the same? Analysis of 84 countries in Africa and Latin America shows that foreign investment generally promotes growth, especially in the manufacturing, transportation, and communications sectors. Mining investment has little effect. Lags of three, six, and nine years often change the impact.     

The Effects of Judicial Strength and Rule of Law on Portfolio Investment in the Developing World*

Objective. Applying existing theories relating to investment risk, this article examines the effects of judicial strength and adherence to the rule of law on portfolio investment in the developing world. We aim to demonstrate that countries with higher levels of judicial strength and rule of law are more able to attract portfolio investment because they provide greater protection of property rights and a better risk environment for investors. Methods. Using time‐series data for 79 developing countries for the period 1996–2005, we employ panel‐corrected standard errors multivariate regressions to demonstrate that higher levels of judicial strength and rule of law are associated with higher levels of portfolio investment. Results. We find that a one standard deviation increase in overall judicial strength and rule of law results in more than a 50 percent increase in portfolio investment. In separate analyses, we show that a one standard deviation increase in specific measures of judicial independence, impartial courts, and protection of property rights leads to increases in portfolio investment ranging from 27 percent to 184 percent. Conclusion. Judicial strength and adherence to the rule of law are important determinants of portfolio investment in the developing world.     

论人力资本投资与健康城市建设

从人力资本投资角度研究健康城市建设,我们发现,健康城市建设与人力资本投资是一种相辅相成的关系。一方面,健康城市建设具有增进人力资本的巨大功能,健康城市的宗旨、过程和具体指标都起到了增加人力资本存量的客观效果;另一方面,人力资本投资推动了健康城市建设,对教育、医疗保健、劳动力流动等方面的投资是健康城市建设的先决条件。因此,必须优化人力资本投资的主体结构、类别结构、地区结构和城乡结构,推进健康城市建设。     

人力资本投资的内生增值机制与制度安排

在知识技术主导经济增长的时代,人力资本日益成为重要的投资方式。合理确认“投资法人”和“研发执行人”对人力资本内生增值价值的占有权,科学评估投资成本与收益,明晰人力资本增值后的产权关系,建立合理的共享分配机制,维护投资者和研发者的合法权益,对促进人力资本投资,建立现代企业制度具有重要意义。     

公共投资、经济增长与腐败的相关问题研究

投资是社会经济发展的动力 ,但腐败的存在 ,极大地影响了投资的绩效和经济发展的质量 ,在公共投资领域的表现尤为明显。为了提高公共投资推动经济增长的绩效 ,必须剔除或弱化腐败对公共投资的消极影响 ,要求在公共投资项目决策与实施过程中 ,设置有效的腐败预防制度