女人啊,你在追求什么

近二十年的改革不但使我国社会经济发展取得了令人瞩目的成就，而且使人们的思想发生了很大的变化。在今天，我国妇女在社会和家庭中所处的位置，已使她们较之于传统妇女对于家庭生活有认识上的重大区别，它直接反映了变革时代我国妇女家庭生活的价值取向。本文依据中央电视台组织的“中国妇女问题调查”济南地区调查结果，对当代中国妇女家庭生活价值取向进行概括的分析，以求对当代中国女性的家庭社会地位有一个较为全面的认识。一、在尊敬父母意愿的同时，更多地寻求婚姻上的自主，已成为当代女性婚姻生活的主要取向。婚姻是家庭的起始。…     

今天谁来做晚餐?

多少世纪以来，家庭厨房历来是女人的天地。在２０世纪中，女人的这块天地发生了巨大的变迁，考察家庭厨房和厨房中的女人的变迁，能够发现２０世纪中社会性别分工、性别角色行为模式和传统价值观念的变化历程。本文通过对一个中国家庭中四代女性的访谈来考察研究她们与厨房的关系和变化，并以此折射出一个世纪以来，中国女性社会生活及其地位的变迁。     

韩国女性教育的变迁

一、古代传统的韩国女性教育　　根据有关女性问题的历史文献记载 ,传统的韩国女性教育主要是在父权制的统治下 ,将妇女排除在社会决策之外 ,将她们局限在家庭中 ,对她们进行为家庭生活做准备的教育。从古代到朝鲜时期 ,韩国女性教育的内容被局限在掌握家庭生活所需要的家务劳动技术和维持父权制家庭所必需的品德。这种教育机制 ,提高了韩国女性的不为社会看重的家务能力 ,却未能提高她们追求理论知识的能力。这种教育还使女性本身感到自己是低能的 ,心甘情愿地接受从属与依赖男性的地位 ,丧失了作为独立的个人所具有的发展机会。同时 ,在三…     

《傲慢与偏见》中的第二性

简·奥斯汀是18世纪末英国创作女性主题小说的女作家之一。其代表作《傲慢与偏见》描写了五桩婚姻,凸现了19世纪上半叶英国中产阶级的婚姻观和生活现状。本文通过作品中揭示的妇女低下的法律、婚姻和教育地位,透视19世纪英国女性的生活状况,剖析她们彷徨、苦闷与无奈的社会根源。     

中国现代女作家的性爱意识及其心理成因

“五四”以后,中国文坛上涌现出一批具有强烈个性意识的女性作家,她们对中国妇女几千年来遭受的精神压迫和特别歧视给予猛烈的抨击。但是,她们在婚恋小说中大多沉醉于纯粹的精神恋爱,只有少数作品涉及了性苦闷等内容,这与男性作家的性意识、性压迫、性心理、性变态等描写形成了鲜明的对比。从传统道德规范、婚姻、生育及对社会现实的关注等各个角度可以看到形成这一现象的深层心理原因。     

夫妻权力模式与女性家庭地位满意度研究

第二期中国妇女社会地位调查资料显示,农村家庭丈夫拥有更多实权的为最多,而城市平权型家庭为最多;九成以上男女都对自己的家庭地位感到很满意或较满意,但妻子的满意度低于丈夫.对夫妻权力模式与女性家庭地位满意度的关系及其影响因素的路径分析结果显示:资源假说、文化规范论、相对的爱和需要理论都在夫妻权力影响因素的回归模型中有一定的解释力.但个人拥有实权仅对妻子的家庭地位满意度有微弱影响,而被访者对家务分工和婚姻是否满意是最重要的家庭地位满意度的预测指标,夫妻沟通时不被对方所尊重、配偶动手打人与家庭地位满意度呈负相关,并在妻子模型中有更强的解释力.     

新中国农村的婚姻与家庭考察

家庭是社会生活和经济活动的基本组织单位,人类发展中曾以家庭为单位占有生产资料,组织生产劳动,实行产品的分配、交换和消费,生息和繁衍后代。社会生活离不开家庭,家庭是社会生活的细胞。而家庭又是以婚姻和血缘关系为基础,由平行的夫妻关系和垂直的父(母)子(女)关系组成,正如《易·序卦》所言:“有男女然后有夫妇,有夫妇然后有父子”即“合二姓之好”达到“上以事宗庙,下以续后世”之目的。就是说,婚姻从形式上看是男女两性生理上的结合,而本质则是一种特定的社会结合,是社会经济、文化政治生活的一个重要方面。因此,婚姻与家庭的变迁不仅反映了政治经济的发展和文化习俗的变异,而且涉及到伦理道德、社会意识和心理学等许多领域,是社会的缩影。一九四九年,新中国成立,旧的政治制度和经济基础被彻底推翻,文化意识和社会习俗因之而产生了很大变化,延续近三千年的婚姻与家庭制度亦伴随着一个个政治运动,在每一个历史时期表现也具有浓郁时代气息的特征。经济在发展,政治在进步,社会在前进,作为社会生活细胞的家庭与组成家庭之先导婚姻自然而然地也在向完善的方向发展。本文拟就建国四十年来中国农村的婚姻与家     

试探祆教的中国化——以入华粟特人墓葬为中心

祆教是粟特地区的本土宗教,并在汉唐时期随着入华粟特人的东迁而传入中国。祆教传入中国后,在主要以儒、释、道三教以及民间信仰和传统文化的基础上逐渐中国化：对儒家从孝道、仁爱、诚信、妇德、忠君事主思想的吸取到六经、礼教谙熟,并参加科举,为将为官;对佛教是从生死轮回思想等教义的接纳;在描绘祆教神祇时考虑了道教老子的形象,同时对道教的清静无为、寄情山水也充满向往;对汉地的民间信仰和传统文化也有所吸纳。在中古时期入华粟特人的墓葬中,祆教中国化特征较为明显。中国化后祆教逐渐被同化,并最终消失。     

社会排斥:农村社区能力建设中的妇女贫困问题研究

在农村社区能力建设项目实施过程中,笔者发现农村妇女遭受来自社会政策、社区男性、妇女之间以及项目本身施与的诸多排斥,妇女相对男性承受了更多的剥夺和歧视,她们在家庭和社区生活中处于边缘位置,生活处于相对贫困的状态。本文试图在总结社会排斥理论的基础上提出自己关于社会排斥的看法,并在社会和社区层面上分析农村妇女的贫困现象。     

改革开放以来浙江农村女性的家庭地位变动

浙江省农村实行改革以来，农村妇女群体内部出现了杜会角色和家庭角色向多样化、个性化方向变动的情况，女性的婚姻观念、生育观念开始向现代型更新，从而使她们的家庭地位和社会地位有了较大的提高。但是，重男轻女的社会环境仍是制约妇女发展的重要因素，要真正实现妇女解放的目标，还有许多工作要做，作者对此提出了若干建议。     

家庭背景与教育：婚姻中地位交换的性别与时期差异

本文利用2018年“中国家庭追踪调查”（CFPS）数据,使用对数线性模型,分析了1978～2018年家庭背景与自身教育在择偶过程中地位交换的性别与时期差异。研究发现,在跨越出身阶层与自身教育地位的异质婚中,夫妻一方会利用自身的相对教育地位优势交换另一方的相对出身阶层优势,这支持了地位交换论。1978～1991年结婚的夫妻中,女性更多通过相对教育优势交换男性的相对出身优势。随着时间的推移,出身阶层与教育在择偶过程中的地位交换强度不断增强,但更多体现在男性通过自身相对教育优势交换女性相对出身优势的婚配模式上,而女性的这一婚配模式呈先降后升趋势。可见,随着时代变迁,家庭背景在女性的向上婚姻流动中扮演着越来越重要的角色。     

Wives and widows in medieval Flanders

Widowhood has long been regarded as the most emancipated condition that women might enjoy, affording them a freedom, agency and access to the public sphere denied their single or married counterparts. A corollary of this assumption is that most women documented as active participants in public life should be identified as widows. Based on a large corpus of references to female activity in bailiffs’ accounts and in town records and ordinances, however, this article argues that in pre-Burgundian Flanders widowhood in no way constituted a privileged status, either morally, socially, legally or economically. Flemish women were educated in order that they might achieve gainful employment; they married late and maintained control of property in marriage. Married women functioned as legal persons; they participated publicly, independently and routinely in Flemish urban life to such a degree that their subsequent activities as widows can only be understood as being in fundamental continuity with their prior behaviour as wives. This, in conjunction with the ambiguity and instability of terms for ‘women whose spouses are deceased’, destabilized the very concept of ‘widow’ itself.     

Female entrepreneurship: business,marriage and motherhood in England and Wales, 1851–1911

ABSTRACT

This article offers a new perspective on what it meant to be a business proprietor in Victorian Britain. Based on individual census records, it provides an overview of the full population of female business proprietors in England and Wales between 1851 and 1911. These census data show that around 30% of the total business population was female, a considerably higher estimate than the current literature suggests. Female entrepreneurship was not a uniform experience. Certain demographics clustered in specific trades and within those sectors employers and own-account proprietors had strikingly different age, marital status and household profiles. A woman’s life cycle event such as marriage, motherhood and widowhood played an important role in her decision whether to work, the work available to her and the entrepreneurial choices she could make. While marriage and motherhood removed women from the labour force, they had less of an effect on their levels of entrepreneurship. Women who had young children were more entrepreneurial than those who had none, and entrepreneurship rates rose with the arrival of one child and continued to rise the more children were added to the family.     

Equal Marital Property Rights

Although the Family Law Act recognizes the contribution of a marriage partner as homemaker and parent, in practice, such contributions are often not recognized as equal to those made by paid workers when property is divided on divorce. Because a woman's earning capacity is usually diminished by her family responsibilities, the existing discretionary approach to property division reinforces women's dependency on men. Under a system of equal marital property rights, the equal value of contributions of unpaid spouses would be clearly established. Assets accumulated before marriage would usually be excluded from the equal ownership rule (and hence from distribution to the other party on divorce), both partners would be informed of transactions during marriage, and parties who choose to could contract out of the equal rights scheme. Men and women would know from the outset of marriage what their rights were.     

Understanding Mexican‐American Marriage Patterns Using a Life‐Course Approach*

Objective. Guided by a life‐course framework that incorporates the interconnection between marriage, migration, and other transitions, we critically examine the familism explanation for the earlier age at marriage among Mexican Americans. Methods. We compare the marriage patterns of Mexican immigrants derived from the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) to those of women living in Mexico derived from the Mexican Census. We then use data from the NSFG to estimate proportional hazard models of marriage using fixed variables such as parent's education and time‐varying variables such as school enrollment. Results. Analyses show that the Mexican immigrant population marries earlier than Mexicans who do not migrate to the United States. In addition, the U.S.‐born Mexican population has lower marriage rates than whites once family background characteristics associated with early marriage are controlled and Anglos are no less likely than Mexican Americans to marry in response to a pregnancy. Conclusion. We find reason to doubt that ethnic differentials are driven by a strong attachment to marriage, female chastity, and the “traditional” family. Although cultural factors may play an important role, researchers need to more carefully specify the aspects of Mexican culture that might encourage marriage and how these factors interrelate with economic and demographic constraints.     

Impact of socioeconomic status on inter-racial mate selection and divorce

Four hypotheses about inter-racial marriage are tested, using matched data sets of marriage certificates and divorce records from the state of Hawaii across 14 years. The analysis focuses on the effect of race and socio-economic status, and findings suggest that couples tend to have equal status regardless of their racial origin, but high-status individuals have more choices in selecting a mate across racial groups. When marriages dissolve, inter-racial unions tend to last shorter than intra-racial unions, and high-status individuals are more likely to divorce. In conclusion, high status gives an individual more freedom in choosing a mate and in dissolving a marriage. Status is thus associated with power in making important decisions in family life.     

探索新的关系和生活模式 ——关于成都男同性恋伴侣关系和生活实践的研究

这些年来,李银河提交同性婚姻提案的努力,将同性恋伴侣关系和家庭生活引入了公众视野,但国内学术研究对此尚无涉及。基于对成都“同志”社区的实地研究,本文详细考察了男同性恋伴侣关系和家庭生活的具体实践、追求平等关系、反思现有婚姻制度,以及争取社会承认的努力。研究强调中国社会中的同性之间的亲密关系正在转型,同性恋伴侣关系开始挣脱占据主导地位的异性恋亲属体系,成为一种可供选择的家庭生活模式。同时,借鉴西方近期关于“酷儿”家庭的理论和实践,文章讨论了同性恋伴侣关系对于主流社会和亲属制度的启示,呼吁在制度上给予这样的“草根”实践以更多的承认。     

生命历程理论视角下劳动力迁移对初婚年龄的影响

本文利用2012年清华大学“城镇化与劳动力移民”项目的调查数据,通过事件史方法考察劳动力迁移对初婚年龄的影响。研究发现,劳动力迁移会对初婚年龄产生推迟效应,迁移事件发生的时机和过程都会左右这一影响的具体结果。研究显示,越早实现迁移,越有助于移民进入婚姻,频繁的流动则削弱了结婚的可能性,而父亲的迁移经历同样会对子女的初婚年龄产生影响。通过对不同世代群体的比较,本文进一步发现,迁移对初婚年龄的影响程度随世代推移呈现“倒U型”趋势,这一结果与不同世代下的迁移特点及其身处情境有关。研究结果表明,劳动力移民的生命历程基于迁移发生了转轨,他们放缓了自我再生产的周期,这对人口结构和社会结构的调整具有重大意义。     

Continuous Parenting and the Clean Break: The Aftermath of Marriage Breakdown

This paper examines the financial disparity between men and women after marriage breakdown in the context of the debate about public support for children and their caretakers. The Australian Institute of Family Studies research into the economic consequences of marriage breakdown, the government's endorsement of reforms for the assessment and collection of child maintenance and the Law Reform Commission's recommendations for the reform of matrimonial property law indicate the need for more clarity and predictability for family law clients. In addition, empirical work highlights the need to eradicate any notion that the clean break philosophy is appropriate for parenting after separation. Whilst family law reforms are already underway in this area, the issues of womens' independence and of child welfare must be looked at in the broader context of employment opportunities and child care.     

初婚年龄的影响因素分析——基于CGSS2006的研究

本文基于“2006年中国综合社会调查”（CGSS2006）数据,使用事件史分析方法,探讨了城乡居民初婚年龄的变化趋势及其社会经济原因。研究发现,教育、职业和家庭的社会经济特征对初婚年龄有着显著的影响,并表现出性别和户籍差异。教育程度对女性初婚年龄的推迟效应大于男性,高等教育对农村户籍女性初婚年龄的推迟效应大于城市户籍女性,技术类职业相比非技术非管理类职业,对农村户籍男性居民的初婚年龄有着显著的提前效应。在城市户籍居民中,父母的教育程度越高,子女的初婚年龄越晚;兄弟姐妹越多,初婚年龄越早。对城市和农村户籍居民而言,父亲从事管理类职业对儿子的初婚年龄均有显著的提前效应,而且对农村户籍居民的影响要高于城市户籍居民。