8世纪前后吐蕃势力入西洱河地区问题研究

本文综合汉藏文史料的记载 ,说明为了和唐朝争夺对洱海地区的控制权 ,7世纪末 8世纪初 ,由于内、外部客观形势的发展变化 ,吐蕃势力曾经先后两次进入洱海地区。本文同时希望通过对吐蕃两次进入洱海地区不同背景情况的分析 ,说明正是由于唐、吐蕃在这一地区的激烈争夺 ,才最终造就了南诏的兴起。     

吐蕃入滇与滇藏交通的发展

吐蕃入滇后,滇藏交通出现了前所未有的大发展。根据南诏、吐蕃的文物考古资料及汉文史籍中关于8世纪滇藏人员往来和与之相关情况的记载,以及双方人员往来特点的分析,可以在滇藏主要交通线及其走向、道路状况与保障措施、主要交通线的作用与影响等方面得出一些初步认识,大致勾画出这一时期滇藏交通发展的基本轮廓。     

盟誓文诰:吐蕃时期一种特殊的历史文书

盟誓文诰在吐蕃王朝时期被视为极重要的王室档案,有关这类文书在当时就已形成专门的文献学分类和管理体系。本文对于盟誓文诰的产生基础,吐蕃时代有关文献学的知识体系以及盟誓文诰的性质、书写程式和其所具有的史学史意义、价值等方面加以分析与探讨,认为盟誓文浩这种文本在吐蕃历史学家的眼中,不仅被当作一般的文书档案,而且还被视为系统性的历史著作。通过对盟誓文诰的研究,可以揭示长期不为人所知的吐蕃史学与文献学的独有的分类体系以及相应的史学观念。     

唐王朝在巴蜀民族地区行政管理机构的设立

唐王朝建立后,加强了对巴蜀民族地区的治理,建立了行政机构进行管理.这些行政机构与唐王朝在其他民族地区建立的一样,为州(郡)县和羁縻州县.通过这些行政管理机构的建立,唐王朝加强了对这些地区的治理,既进一步把这些地区纳入了统一多民族国家的范围之中,又有利于促进这些地区经济与社会的开发和发展,也能够促进居住在这些地区的各民族社会的进步.     

南诏、吐蕃与唐朝三者间的关系

7— 9世纪后半叶南诏、吐蕃与唐朝三者间的关系 ,是我国古代影响最大 ,情况最复杂的民族关系之一。本文以南诏崛起、发展和衰落的过程为基本线索 ,阐述了南诏、吐蕃与唐朝之间关系发展演变的几个阶段 ,并简要分析了三者之间关系发展变化的原因。     

略论南诏与吐蕃公开结盟前的关系

作为一个地方民族政权,7世纪50年代初南诏已出现在洱海地区.吐蕃势力入滇后,在7世纪50年代末也进入洱海地区.南诏与吐蕃从最初的接触往来到公元752年公开结盟,维持和发展了近百年的长期关系.双方结盟前的关系可分为四个阶段,各阶段又具有不同的特点.公开结盟前,决定南诏与吐蕃关系的主要因素是双方自身的发展需求、各自的利益及拥有的实力.     

唐文化的民族学解读

唐代佛教的汉化、诗歌的成功、音乐与舞蹈的盛况、绘画与雕塑的发展、风习的方便实用等,都是各民族文化大融汇之结果。它们标志着汉民族文化对异域文化有兼收消融性,标志着汉民族文化的大发展。     

关于民族发展和民族关系中的几个问题

本文对民族共同体的发展阶段、社会主义民族关系的特点、主体民族的提法、历史上民族关系的主流和特点等问题提出了自己的看法。     

论吐蕃治下的吐谷浑

从公元七世纪初以降,吐蕃先后兼并了分布于青藏高原的羊同、苏毗、吐谷浑等族,与这些民族发生了密切的政治和文化交流.本文引用敦煌、新疆发现的古藏文文献,结合汉文文献,深入地讨论了吐蕃治下的吐谷浑小王和吐谷浑臣僚、民众的情况,力图揭示出吐谷浑被吐蕃征服以及逐步融合的历史真相.     

韦皋与唐代南方丝绸之路的重开

Weigao was one of the famous Jie-dushi ( regional military commissioners ) of the Jiannan Xichuan ( located in today’s southern Si-chuan) in the Tang Dynasty. During the rule of Wei Gao, he successfully defeated the Tubo, and changed the Tang court’s submissiveness in the southwestern region and the fight between the Tang and Tubo along the southern line. He also restored the links between Yunnan and Xichuan including all the way to the Central Plains, and, as a result, the once closed Southern Silk Road was reopened. A further exploration and evaluation of Wei Gao’s actions and his influence on reopening the Southern Silk Road ought to be given. I. Wei Gao’s Alliance with the Nanzhao King-dom and Reopening the Southern Silk Road In 785 A. D. , Wei Gao arrived in Chengdu and was appointed Jiedushi of Jiannan Xichuan. The situation of Jiannan Xichuan at that time was very critical. After the Tianbao war, the Kingdom of Nanzhao, which had unified the area around Er-hai Lake with the support of the Tang in the past, turned against the Tang and publicly announced its alliance with the Tubo. The Nanzhao Kingdom, to-gether with the Tubo, struck the Tang in the south-western region. This shift not only put the Tang in a submissive position in the southwestern region, but also significantly influenced the relations be-tween the Tang and the Tubo. As the Jiedushi of Jiannan Xichuan, Wei Gao became a unique practitioner and actively promoted a joint strategy in Yunnan. After the Tang decided to make an alliance with the Nanzhao Kingdom, relevant actions were taken immediately. However because relations between the Nanzhao Kingdom and the Tang had been broken for many years, at the beginning, Wei Gao could only communicate through some of the tribal chiefs of the Dongman ( Eastern Barbarians) . Through several years of ef-fort and mutual contact, Wei Gao’s endeavors to make an alliance with the Nanzhao, at last, were effective. Wei Gao’s efforts to make an alliance with the Nanzhao certainly involved issues related to trans-portation between Xichuan and the area of Erhai Lake. During that period, the route between Xi-chuan and Nanzhao was not only under military threat from the Tubo, but it was also overseen by the tribes of the Dongman who supported the Tu-bo—this indicated that the line of communication was not in a normal situation. The Southern Silk Road was one of ancient China’s important land trade routes to overseas. In looking at relevant re-cords in the Shiji ( Records of the Historian ) , we can see that this route had been known by people in the Central Plains from at least the Qin and Han dynasties. It was called the“Shushen Dudao” dur-ing the Han dynasty, and the “Xi’er Tianzhu zhid-ao” in the Taizhong period of the Tang dynasty.“Xi’er” refers to Erhai Lake, which was called“Xi’er He” during that time; “Tianzhu”, i. e.“Shendu”, refers to present day India. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, there were two primary routes between Xichuan and the area of Lake Er-hai. One was the Shimendao, also called the Wuchidao or Rongzhoudao, which started from present Chengdu and went through present day Le-shan and Yibin. The other was the Qing Xidao, also called the Lingguandao, Songzhoudao or Qiongnan Yilu,which, started from present Cheng-du, and went through present day Ya’an, and Xichang. These two routes were also called the“North Route” and the“South Route” in the Yun-nan Zhi ( The History of Yunnan) compiled by Fan Cuo in the Tang Dynasty. These two were the main routes between Sichuan and Yunnan on the South-ern Silk Road in the Tang dynasty. In 794 A. D. , the Tang and the Nanzhao Kingdom swore an oath of alliance, and Wei Gao started his plans to reo-pen the routes. By making a comprehensive analy-sis of relevant historical records, we are certain that starting with a plan in the 8th century, and fol-lowing the realization of the alliance between the Tang and Nanzhao as part of the strategy for the Southwestern area, and, together with the success in the fight against the Tubo, the two main chan-nels between Sichuan and Yunnan on the Southern Silk Road were reopened as a result of the concern of Wei Gao at the beginning of the 9th century. II. The Basic Situation of the Route between Sichuan and Yunnan on the Southern Silk Road in the Tang Dynasty and Its Historical Significance It was a long way from Xichuan to the area of Lake Erhai, and, moreover, the situation was also very complicated. Whenever the North Route or the South Route opened, it was not something that was completed immediately; it was a process. Al-though some sections of the road might be comple-ted initially, the opening of the entire route could not be completed within a short time. Through the records of Fan Cuo in his Yunnan Zhi, we can glean a general understanding of the basic situation regarding the reopening of the two main routes be-tween Sichuan and Yunnan along the Southern Silk Road in the Tang Dynasty. Seen from the records of Fan Cuo, there were courier stations along the South Route, so that travelers and their horses could have services and accommodation. It is very significant to note that in addition to the records of courier stations along the route managed by the Xichuan administration, the Yunnan Zhi also recorded that special translators were arranged for facilitating the contact and ex-change between the two sides, i. e. Xichuan and Nanzhao, after the route reached Ezhunling. This detail reflected Xichuan’s attention to the manage-ment of this route, but it also reflected the frequent contact between the people from the two sides of this route and the need for better communication. The road which started from Ezhunling was man-aged by the Nanzhao Kingdom. The situation of the North Route was quite different from the South Route. Based upon an analysis of the records found in the Yunnan Zhi, along the north route, there were not only high mountain, steep slopes, and winding roads, but the traveler also had to pass through many areas inhabited by the Wuman (Black Babarians). So, people were able to pass through the stations only after their words had been translated three or four times. Generally speaking, the conditions along the North Route were worse than those along the South Route. Therefore, al-though the reopening of the South Route was later than the North Route, people usually chose to pass through the South Route after it was reopened. It should be mentioned here that although Fan Cuo’s Yunnan Zhi was compiled during the early years of Xiantong Period in the Tang dynasty, the situation along the route and courier stations recorded in the book were probably not much different from those along the route during the time of Wei Gao. Al-though more than half a century of time had passed the road and courier stations along the South and North Routes might have only had some minor changes, and it was probably generally the same as in the past. Moreover it was unblocked for a long term due to the concern of the both sides. Another point that should be noted here is that although both the South and North Routes connecting Si-chuan and Yunnan on the Southern Silk Road in the Tang dynasty were managed by the administra-tions of Xichuan and Nanzhao separately, seen from the close relations and common demands of the two sides, the construction and management of these two important routes were combined through the negotiation of the two sides’ considerations and demands. As the major supporter for making the alliance with Nanzhao, Wei Gao should be the one who played an active role in this process. Because of the alliance between the Tang and the Nanzhao Kingdom the Tubo suffered a setback in the southwestern region, and they gradually re-treated to the north. Under this scenario, the channels of communication between Sichuan and Yunnan were unblocked, and communication be-tween the envoys from the Tang and Nanzhao be-came more frequent, the local trade developed, and the number of businessmen traversing Sichuan and Yunnan increased. Seen from the perspective of the development of Nanzhao, the frequent ex-changes between the artisans and traders from the two sides via the South and North Routes that ran between Sichuan and Yunnan promoted the eco-nomic and commercial development of Yunnan. In addition, there were many ethnic groups in the Nanzhao Kingdom. These included the Wuman, and Baiman ( white barbarians) . For several dec-ades,“more than a thousand” people from differ-ent ethnic groups went to Chengdu to study. This reflected that the reopening of the Southern Silk Road during the Tang dynasty played an important role in cultural transmission. On the other hand, training youth from the different ethnic groups liv-ing in the Nanzhao Kingdom also had a deep influ-ence on the cultural development of Yunnan. More important is that this action enhanced the commu-nication between the ethnic groups of Yunnan and the Central Plains. In addition, after reopening the road between Sichuan and Yunnan on the Southern Silk Route, the road continued through Nanzhao territory, crossed into the Myanmar-India route, and arrived in South and Southeast Asia. It could be said that Wei Gao’s reopening of the Southern Silk Road was not only helpful for communication between the people of Xichuan, the Central Plains and Yunnan, but it was also helpful for communi-cation between the Tang and the countries of South and Southeast Asia. It should be mentioned that Wei Gao’s reope-ning of the Southern Silk Road was conducted with-in the framework of an alliance with the Nanzhao Kingdom to attack the Tubo. Hence, speaking truthfully, reopening the road was not the main re-sponsibility of the Jiedushi of Xichuan, and was al-so not his main strategic goal. Under the serious situation faced by Jiannan Xichuan, Wei Gao’s main focus during that time was how to contact and make an alliance with the Nanzhao Kingdom so as to take military action against the Tubo. Even if he planned to reopen this road and took some action, it was conducted by targeting his military strategic action. However, reopening the Southern Silk Road could not be separated from the action of making an alliance with the Nanzhao Kingdom. Moreover, after reopening this road, it really pro-moted economic -cultural exchange and develop-ment along the road. Hence, we should give a full understanding and evaluation on Wei Gao’s histori-cal role in it.     

近30年来唐代吐蕃与西北民族关系史研究评述

本文结合吐蕃经略西北的历史进程与西北的地理特征,分青藏高原、新疆地区、河西走廊三大区域,评述近30年来国内学术界对唐代吐蕃与西北民族关系的研究概况、观点,并提出对今后研究的展望。     

唐禄赞萨逻墓志考释

唐禄赞萨逻墓志墓主人的姓氏、籍贯、亲属,以及投唐的时间等信息,皆与禄东赞家族的信息相吻合,但此人与史书记载的其家族圣历二年投唐事件无涉。考察墓志可知,吐蕃论氏家族的投唐事件至迟在武周垂拱初年就已有发生,而史书缺载。另据此墓志,《元和姓纂》尚遗漏早年投唐的论氏家族成员论钦陵子禄赞萨逻,而且早在垂拱初年已经投唐的禄赞萨逻就以禄为姓。另外,由禄赞萨逻投唐事件,我们还可以窥见吐蕃上层昔日斗争的更早的一些内幕。吐蕃王室与论氏家族的这番权力之争,至迟在唐武后垂拱元年就已经明朗化了。     

北宋后期吐蕃内附族帐考

北宋后期,在政府大力招抚的民族政策影响下,河湟陇右地区诸多吐蕃部族相继内附而变为熟户,纳入北宋王朝统治之下。还有一部分吐蕃部落族帐受抚绥优待政策之感化,自愿归顺北宋,接受其统治。吐蕃部落族帐的内附,促进了藏汉经济文化交流以及西北边疆的开发,在藏汉民族关系史上产生了深远影响。     

自然灾害与唐初东突厥之衰亡

唐贞观初年漠南地区发生了严重的自然灾害 ,东突厥的各种社会矛盾都在这场空前的灾害中被暴露和激化。灾害使东突厥社会陷入全面危机 ,并最终导致东突厥的衰亡。从东突厥的衰亡 ,我们也可以看出在古代社会中灾害对游牧民族历史发展的重要影响和维护民族团结对于游牧民族抗御自然灾害的重要意义     

唐代汉藏民间层面宗教文化交流

本文认为唐代汉藏两族宗教文化交流通过民间的方式,将汉地的儒家文化、道教文化、佛教文化传递到了藏区民间,也将藏族的苯教文化和其它宗教习俗传播到了汉地民间。民间层面宗教文化交流有益地推动了学者、僧侣层面和官方层面宗教文化交流的深度和广度,从某种程度上保持了学者、僧侣层面和官方层面宗教文化交流的成果。     

试论唐朝在边疆民族地区推行的羁縻府州制度

文章认为,唐代在对边疆民族地区的开拓与经略过程中,因袭历史上传统的"因俗而治"的方法并加以发扬光大,创立了一套完备的政治制度--羁縻府州制度,并把之成功地推行于边疆地区.大唐帝国多民族国家的空前繁盛和周边民族对中央王朝的向心力和凝聚力的增强,与羁縻府州制度在周边民族地区的推行是密不可分的.     

多元文化背景下唐代九隆传说探析

九隆传说是西南地区历史悠久、流传广泛的族源传说。本文以历时性的研究视角和比较研究的方法,分析了唐代流传于洱海地区的九隆传说所发生的演变,并分析产生这种变化的原因。在唐代,为了遏制吐蕃的扩张,唐太宗支持蒙舍诏统一洱海地区建立南诏,成为了唐蕃之间的缓冲地带。与此同时,在以蒙氏为中心的社会结构下,九隆传说也出现在了南诏蒙氏的祖先故事中,它超越了祖先故事的范畴而具有了政治功能。作为在唐蕃两大政权之间生存的少数民族政权,中原文化对于南诏产生了很强的辐射与影响,由于南诏统治者对汉文化的认同,九隆传说也成为南诏协调与唐政治关系的纽带。同时,由于佛教在洱海地区的传播,九隆传说又被纳入到佛教文化体系之内,成为统治者统一部酋文化、建立文化认同的工具。文章认为九隆传说从早期的单一线性叙述到唐代演绎成为粘着了多种文化因素的故事体系不仅是由于统治者的政治操弄,也是多种文化因素共同作用的结果,中原文化、佛教文化和本土文化都对其产生了深刻影响。     

745-840年间唐朝与回纥交往之弊及其实质

继突厥、薛延陀而雄居漠北的回纥民族充分利用自身特点拓展生存空间。 8世纪中期以后 ,唐王朝的一系列作为加强了这种可能 ,从而也反映出唐由盛转衰的事实。百年漠北回纥汗国在与唐的友好交往中处于主动并一度左右唐的内政外交 ,由此交往中产生了许多社会问题和消极影响 ;本文将从回纥助唐平叛、贡赐、市易、和亲与摩尼教得以盛行中国等方面探讨这些问题存在和难以得到解决的根本原因     

关于清代布特哈八旗的几个问题

有清一代,在祖国东北达斡尔、鄂温克、鄂伦春等民族聚居的地区,设立了布特哈八旗进行管理,实行这种制度对这些民族的历史发展产生了重要影响。本文就布特哈八旗的建立时间、实行八旗军政制度的原因、布特哈八旗的特点及其对这一地区民族关系的影响等问题作了深入的探讨。