天津市实施公交电动化的战略思维与路径

交通节能环保化是大势所趋,西方的经济政治社会制度决定了其公交电动化注定是一个渐进的发展过程,而我国特别是天津,极有条件实现公交电动化的跨跃式整体推进。当前,整体推进我国公交电动环保化的时机已日渐成熟,这是天津难得的重大历史机遇,应快速整合顶级相关资源,制定规划、组建机构、建立研发中心和制造基地,整体实现天津公交电动环保化,推进我国城     

Traumas versus Strens

Children aged eight to 13 from mother custody families (n = 22) and two-percent families (n = 44) were compared on measures of risk (mothers' life strains), resistance (enacted support, support satisfaction, and problem-focused coping), and self-esteem (family, peer, scholastic, and general). A longitudinal design was used to gather data at three different times over an 18-month period. In making between group comparisons, income was used as a covariate. It was found that income, not family type, was inversely related to mothers' life strains and children's self-esteem. It was also found that the risk and resistance factors were correlated with various dimensions of children's self-esteem in both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. The results were discussed in terms of previous research on family stress.     

Max versus Max

ABSTRACT

Disability-related services and experiences of the United States of America and Germany are compared. A fictional case example concerning a person with a developmental disability is followed from birth to adulthood. Examples of possible life choices are given.     

Politics versus Science

Abstract

The authors respond to Robert L. Spitzer's and Paul Jay Fink's discussion of their paper, “DSM-IV-TR and the Paraphilias: An Argument for Removal.” They note that Spitzer and Fink do not dispute their analysis of the problems with the DSM-IV-TR criteria for paraphilias nor do they suggest any solutions to the problems they identified. The authors go on to state the political and media reaction to the unauthorized distribution when their earlier paper was presented at the May 2003 meeting of the American Psychiatric Association (APA). They note that conservative organizations flagrantly misrepresented their statements and intents, the symposium where the paper was presented, and the APA itself. Specifically, it was alleged that the authors were defending pedophilia or at minimum, advocated the decriminalization of child sexual abuse. However, these points were specifically discussed and refuted clearly in the earlier paper. The result of this political conservative misrepresentation was that the focus of the debate shifted; the substance of the original paper, that is, the real flaws in the Paraphilia section, was ignored. The authors suggest that perhaps the main reason for keeping the Paraphilia category in the DSM is public opinion rather than science. This is at odds with the APA claim that the DSM is a dispassionate, scientific document with an empirical basis. The authors feel that all those who are concerned about the scientific basis of psychiatry should be watching these events.     

Against culture versus structure

Contemporary sociology is saddled with a culture–structure binary but the fault for its existence lies mostly with cultural sociology. This article is devoted to four related assertions: (1) There has never been any agreement on the definition of culture, making cultural sociology a field unable to define its central concept. (2) The binary ignores the fact that the proper explanation of social behaviour requires both structure and culture; culture cannot be its own cause. (3) Cultural sociology is soft and sentimental, avoiding conflict as well as politics. (4) It neglects policy and policy-relevant research even more than the rest of sociology. Structural sociology has some shortcomings as well, however, and the culture–structure binary should be abandoned.     

A bidimensional view of distancing: Reciprocity versus compensation,intimacy versus social control

The present paper is devoted to placing two theoretical contrasts emerging in the interpersonal distancing literature into a metatheoretical framework. The first of these contrasts is that between reciprocity and compensation; the second is that between intimacy and social control. The point of departure for this placement is a bidimensional approach to interpersonal distancing.Reciprocity is defined as an individuated and attached mode of functioning,compensation as a deindividuated and detached mode.Intimacy is defined as a deindividuated and attached style andsocial control as one that is individuated and detached. Interpersonal and situational constraints are discussed in an attempt to understand better the workings of this typology in relationships.     

Ideological versus Downsian political competition

We analyze a one-dimensional model of spatial political competition with two parties and uncertainty on the distribution of voters' types. We assume that parties are formed by regular members and professional politicians; members care about the policy enacted, while professional politicians, on the contrary, care only about winning the election. We consider two possibilities: that members choose the political platforms and that professional politicians are the ones who choose such platforms. The expected utility for party members is analyzed under these two cases. We find that when professional politicians have no informational advantage, it is on the interest of both parties to let professional politicians choose the platforms. Only in the case in which professional politicians have much better information than the members of the party about voters is it possible that party members obtain a greater expected utility choosing the platforms themselves rather than letting the professional politicians choose. Received: 31 May 1999/Accepted: 1 March 2001     

Technology-Mediated versus Face-to-Face Intergenerational Programming

Abstract

Elderly computer novices received 1-on-1 e-mail training, which enabled them to communicate electronically with elementary school-aged pen-pals. A traditional intergenerational visiting program was conducted concurrently. Program evaluation revealed that the intergenerational visiting program was rated favorably by 88% of the participating seniors and the intergenerational e-mail program was rated favorably by 57% of the seniors. Yet, only 6 (out of 23) seniors expressed interest in continuing to e-mail their pen-pals beyond the program period. While technology may never take the place of human contact for some seniors, increased computer support as well as arranging for e-mail pen-pals to meet in person might help boost the popularity of this form of intergenerational communication.     

Social Studies versus Social Science

The authors of this article examine several controversial U.S. monuments and offer teachers a rationale, resources, and suggested activities for incorporating these historical monuments into classroom instruction. The authors discuss why controversial issues should be discussed in the social studies classroom through the critical examination of national monuments. We argue that discussing key social issues through the analysis of contentious monuments will not only provide students with a more complete picture of history but also allow them to develop critical twenty-first-century skills such as visual literacy and understanding multiple perspectives. The focus is to provide secondary social studies teachers with an alternative approach to examining historical monuments and controversial issues through the analysis of contemporary and historical debates regarding the nature of commemoration on the United States’ landscape. A brief rationale for the inclusion of monuments and controversial issues into the social studies curriculum is provided, as well as examples of provocative historic monuments, example activities to teach these monuments, and suggested resources to further examine this topic.