对生育权的法理阐释

从法理上解释 ,生育权是自然人一项基本的民事权利。非婚生育、未婚生育和违法生育是生育行为的无效 ,与生育权的享有和取得无关。非婚人工生育是享有生育权的权利主体实现其权利的一种方式 ,只要不违法 ,不损害社会公共利益 ,权利人就有选择的权利或自由 ,无需他人的同意或许可。对生育权的保护是民法的一个重要方面     

婚外生育的伦理透视

婚外生育是通过现代生育技术手段实现的“非自然”、“反传统”的生育方式 ,是婚内夫妇生育权的不完全实现或一方生育权的单方实现和单方不完全实现。对待婚外生育必须坚持有利原则、适度原则、不能伤害婚外生育的孩子的原则。     

侵害生育权的法律规制研究

“生育权”是指平等的民事主体依据法律所享有的生养子女或是不生养子女的权利.男人或者女人作为生养小孩的特殊主体,一般都能够拥有生养孩子或者不生养孩子的自由,所以,若是夫妻之间对生养或是不生养子女的意思表示不合意时,或者是男女一方的生育或不生育的法定权利受到对方及其他主体的侵害时,则夫妻之间的生育权问题就不可避免的暴露出来.因此,本文将从侵害生育权的情形及其问题的产生视角入手,进而勾勒出“预防和解决生育权受到侵害的对策”.并以此为出发点找出较好解决夫妻之间生育权侵权的法律规制方法.     

从民事权利的角度辨析生育权的性质

近年来,无论是理论上还是司法实践中有关生育权问题的争论日益激烈。这些问题的背后涉及一个关于生育权的最核心的问题,那就是生育权的本质属性问题。以民事权利的视角,通过对有关生育权性质的各种观点进行梳理,阐述了生育权是人人自出生时即享有的一项人格权。在理解这一性质时,应当注意生育权的享有不同于生育权的实现,男女(夫妻)生育权平等,生育权是有限制的。     

生育权的性质及法律规制

生育权是公法赋予自然人的一项基本人权,属于人格权的范畴。包括我国在内的很多国家,均没有在立法上明确规定生育权的法律属性。社会的发展,生育纠纷的增加,引发了生育权理论的诸多争论和探讨。对生育权进行立法确认,明确生育权的人格权属性,成为解决生育权纠纷、保障公民生育权的当务之急。     

论罪犯的生育权

罪犯的生育权触及了我国法律的空白点。生育权是一种人格权 ,人人享有。我国刑法并未剥夺罪犯的生育权 ,罪犯享有生育权。但由于罪犯被剥夺或限制人身自由权、生命权 ,生育权的实现方式也受到限制 ,因此可以通过程序和实体两方面的设计来保障罪犯的生育权的实现。     

我国男性生育权问题研究

男性是生育权的主体,但是男性生育权在行使中要受多种限制,保护男性生育权要从完善立法、解决男女生育权冲突、促进法律手段与其它手段的街接等多方面入手。     

浅议夫妻间生育权冲突及其解决方式

生育权是基本人权,是自然人基于繁衍后代的生育利益而享有的权利,其具有民事权利的属性,属于人身权范畴。生育权是人格权,具有绝对权、支配权性质;生育权是一种受限制的自由;生育权行使的天然限定条件必然导致夫妻生育权的冲突。     

试论我国夫妻生育权的法律保障

“生育”可谓是一个永恒的话题，它是与人类的产生相伴随的行为，从上个世纪六十年代开始，“生育权”就作为人类的一项基本人权逐渐进入民众的视野。但是，我国目前对于夫妻“生育权”法律保障问题的研究还不够深入，立法方面存在着以下缺失：一是有关生育权的法律规定相当滞后，与社会发展不同步；二是生育权的享有主体范围过于局限；三是法律救助渠道严重缺失。相对应地，有必要提出加强夫妻生育权法律保障的三点建议：一是进一步完善与我国生育权相关的立法，二是拓宽现有的生育权主体范围，三是完善生育权遭到侵犯的法律救助措施。     

生育权的个人所得税法保障——理论逻辑与制度优化

生育权兼具自然权与法定权的双重属性,国家对其负有法定保障义务。现行税法中,个人所得税法最能体现征税权与生育权的张力。理论上,生育权保障与个人所得税法的价值目标、量能课税原则以及激励功能具有高度契合性。同时,个人所得税法保障生育权应保持必要限度。制度上,现行个人所得税法的税收利益减让机制存在不足,难以满足生育权保障的现实需要。对此,基于法治理念,可以实行二元可选择的课税单位模式、建立费用扣除标准动态调整机制、增强专项附加扣除的差异性与精细化、以需求为导向设置特定税收优惠,为生育权的实现提供坚实保障。     

Normative or economic behavior? Fertility and women’s employment in Israel

Women’s employment and childrearing are competing activities, which exert much pressure on their time and energy. Many studies have found that women in paid employment, especially in a demanding career, limit their fertility and have few children or none. This negative correlation was explained mainly in terms of opportunity costs and the incompatibility of women’s employment and childrearing. This study focuses on the interplay between women’s employment and fertility decisions in Israel, a socially diverse country, characterized by high levels of both fertility and female employment. We argue that in an environment which supports and encourages high fertility women’s employment activity is less consequential for family planning. The study analyzes simultaneously the decision to have a third child and the decision to work. The findings show that fertility affects negatively women’s work activity, but women’s employment has no effect on their decision to have an additional child. Also, cultural variables affect the fertility decision but not economic considerations, while the opposite holds for the work decision.     

Labor market influences on Women's fertility decisions: Longitudinal evidence from Canada

While fertility theories suggest that insecure labor market experiences encourage women to postpone having children, few have examined whether job insecurity perceptions influence fertility in the North American context—an omission we address in the current study. Findings from event history analyses of a panel dataset of Canadian workers (Canadian Work, Stress and Health Study) reveal that perceived job insecurity is salient for women's first birth decisions but not subsequent births. Further subgroup analyses show that the association between perceived job insecurity and likelihood of a first birth is limited to college-educated women and those in low unemployment labor market regions. Among women with less than a college degree and those in high-unemployment regions, the likelihood of a first birth does not vary by respondents' perceptions of insecurity. Results suggest a more nuanced relationship between insecure work and women's childbearing decisions than predicted by traditional pro-cyclical accounts of the economy-fertility association.     

Producing adulthood: Adolescent employment, fertility, and the life course

Adolescent employment is typically framed as having either positive or negative effects. Yet cutting edge research yields apparently contradictory results; work lowers delinquency but also increases school dropout. Both opportunity cost and life course development theories could explain these results. This study investigates effects of employment on fertility among adolescent women, which pits life course development against opportunity cost theory. Using 2006 and 2007 American Community Surveys, individual instrumental variable and state-level difference-in-difference models (following the same cohort over time) control for self-selection and find a positive effect of employment on adolescent fertility. National Vital Statistics birth data confirm state-level results. Results for fertility (and some evidence for other early transitions) indicate that youth employment speeds the transition to adulthood, supporting life course theory. Findings suggest adolescent employment should be reconceived as promoting adult rather than positive or negative behavior.     

Education and fertility decline in China during transitional times: A cohort approach

We examine the effect of education on birth outcomes in China during the period of economic transition and large-scale changes in mass education and population control measures. Retrospective micro data from the 2008 Chinese General Social Survey and discrete time event history analysis are used to examine the fertility history of several cohorts of women born between 1945 and 1968. We observed births at different parities, distinguishing the education effect across cohorts and rural/urban sectors. We found differences across cohorts consistent with unique features of the Chinese context, such as the radical egalitarian era of educational expansion, and the Reform Era. We also found that despite the increase in some education levels across cohorts (e.g., junior high school in rural areas), birth chances were more likely to be concentrated among less educated women, suggesting the impact of factors related to returns to education and hence the desire for children.     

生育二胎:“双独夫妇”的意愿及相关因素分析

本文通过全国五大城市已婚青年调查数据,以非双独夫妇作为参照,对"双独夫妇"的二胎生育意愿及其相关因素进行了描述与比较分析.研究结果表明,超过60%的"双独夫妇"依旧只希望生育一个孩子,希望生育二胎的"双独夫妇"在30%-40%之间.同时,他们的生育意愿与非双独夫妇之间不存在明显差别.除了不同城市有所不同外,"双独夫妇"的性别、出生年代、文化程度、有无孩子等因素均与其二胎生育意愿没有关系.研究结果对于未来生育率变动的预测,提供了新的参考依据.     

新疆生产建设兵团新型军垦生育文化的文化成因探析

新疆生产建设兵团在五十多年的时间里,形成了具有明显兵团特色的新型军垦生育文化。文章拟从移民文化、党政军企合一的军垦文化、兵团特色的妇女文化等视角来揭示兵团新型军垦生育文化的成因,为构建社会主义新型生育文化提供一个可资借鉴的个案。     

Partners’ relationship quality and childbearing

This study examines the influence of partner relationship quality on childbearing. We are innovative in using relationship quality reports from both partners, drawing on the first and second wave of the Netherlands Kinship Panel Study. Thus, we can identify potential effects of discordant perceptions of the relationship on childbearing. We also pose a new hypothesis on the direction of the effect of relationship quality on fertility, predicting that medium levels of relationship quality result in the highest childbearing rates. Our results indicate that only women’s perceptions of relationship quality influence a first birth, whereas women’s and men’s perceptions affect second births. We do not find unique effects of disagreement in assessments of relationship quality; effects of partners’ perceptions are additive. Women reporting medium levels of relationship quality are most likely to have a(nother) child, whereas men with medium and high quality relationships are most likely to have a second child.     

论道家道教中的生育和谐思想

道家道教典籍中蕴含了大量丰富而深刻的生育思想,这些生育思想无论从其对于生育的目的和意义的阐述上,还是从其对于生育的数量要求和性别平衡的追求以及对于生育禳解护理的具体实践的论述中,都深刻体现了道家道教追求生育和谐的思想旨趣和价值取向。生育的完成有赖于家庭环境和婚姻生活的和谐有序,这也是道家道教生育思想的有机组成部分。深入探讨道家道教中蕴含的生育和谐思想,对于我们建设和谐社会具有重要的思想价值和实践意义。     

论完善利益导向机制对稳定我省低生育水平的重要性

我省虽已进入低生育水平阶段,但这个低生育水平是在多数群众的生育观念并未发生根本转变的前提下依靠行政制约和经济处罚措施实现的,人口出生反弹的可能性依然存在。在新的历史时期,我们必须从经济学的角度,深化和拓展对稳定低生育水平的认识,探寻最终实现人口现代化的良策,为经济社会的发展提供坚实保障。低生育水平能否稳定,最终取决于能否建立起以利益导向机制为主要内容的政策支持体系,取决于能否形成齐抓共管、综合治理与计划生育的良好社会局面。     

住房财富效应与居住模式对适龄人群生育意愿的影响研究

在城市住房价格居高不下与生育率持续走低的背景下,文章通过OLS模型,采用CGSS2018年调查数据和2017年城市房价数据,研究住房财富效应与居住模式对适龄人群生育意愿的影响。结果表明:住房的财富效应对适龄生育人群生育意愿具有正向促进作用;核心家庭相较于主干家庭的生育意愿较低;核心家庭偏向生育女孩,主干家庭偏向生育男孩。通过工具变量法进行检验,结果仍然稳健。建议加大保障性住房供给,重塑主干家庭,鼓励代际同居,以提高适龄人群的生育意愿。