儿童参与、城市社区与社会资本

在中国,长期以来儿童一直被作为弱势群体而被排除在社区参与之外。实际上,儿童参与对于整个社区的发展有着不可忽视的作用。面对中国城市社区各阶层成人参与率低、社区内社会资本没有充分被调动的情况,本文试图探讨通过社区“儿童参与”来带动“成人参与”进而形成整个社区的社会资本这一社区发展模式。     

“Moving from transactional government to enablement” in Indigenous service delivery: The era of New Public Management,service innovation and urban Aboriginal community development

Over the last 40 years, Aboriginal Community Based Organisations have played a distinctive role in society in relation to urban Aboriginal peoples and their rights to self‐determination and community development in the Australian city of Newcastle. They have proven essential to advocacy, the maintenance of community development, and the creation of new Aboriginal social infrastructure (community organisations, facilities, services, and supporting infrastructure). Autonomy has been empowering for local Aboriginal people. Major reforms to the delivery of government social services, particularly government enablement of a new social service market based on New Public Management principles, threaten this success. This interpretive, qualitative case study illustrates the effects of social service market enablement. It draws on a case study of the effects of social service market enablement on urban Aboriginal Community Based Organisations in Newcastle, showing the antagonistic relationship between social service market enablement and Aboriginal community enablement and development. It ends with a discussion of how Aboriginal community development in this city could be re‐enabled in light of the Prime Minister's arguments in his 2017 Annual Parliamentary Closing the Gap speech providing particular value in the context of policy discussions about moving from transactional government to enablement in Indigenous affairs.     

社会报酬与中国城市社区积极分子——上海市S社区楼组长群体的个案研究

本文试图回答这样一个问题：中国城市社区选举中为什么会出现积极分子？这个群体有什么结构性的特征?他们在社区中的行动逻辑是什么？通过参与观察、半结构访谈和文本分析等多种研究方法,本文的基本结论是：以楼组长群体为核心的社区积极分子主要追求的是社会报酬,社会报酬的获得程度决定其参与社区活动的积极性。追求社会报酬的积极分子网络已经成为当代中国城市社区治理的一种重要机制。     

城市社区服务:组织建设与公共参与——以广州市J社区为个案

在城市社区中,组织建设是社区服务发展的重要动力,社区组织之间的互动关系和整合程度直接决定着社区服务发展水平的高低,是社区服务发展走上良性运行轨道的关键所在。由于当前我国城市社区发展仍然处于初级阶段,社区服务的组织建设尚不完善,社区组织的社区服务参与程度和协调程度还有待进一步提高。     

中国城市社区选举的想象：从功能阐释到过程分析

一、引言 进入20世纪90年代,随着传统意义上的单位制度的解体,以及与 市场经济发展相伴而来的城市社会变迁,中国城市的观察者们开始把 着眼点从宏大的国家与社会的关系微缩到一个更为基本的问题意识中 去,亦即"公共领域、城市空间和市民生活的生长"(Davis et al.,     

The implementation and development of child welfare and protection works in China

The Chinese government adheres to the principle of ‘children first’ and actively protects their rights of survival, development, protection and participation through methods such as laws and regulations, policy system, public services and pilot works. The Chinese government aimed to narrow the gap between children's development in rural and urban areas and to continuously improve the level of child welfare. The government complies fully with its responsibilities in raising the overall quality of life for children and improving their health and overall development.

China has 280 million children, and is the country with the most children in the world. China is a signatory of and a country that loyally implements the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Since the economic reform, China's economy has developed rapidly, politics has been harmonized and stabilized, and the degree of social civilization has risen continuously. At the same time, work on children has also achieved remarkable accomplishments in China.     

Primary Caregivers and Chinese Elders’ Demand on Community Services

Abstract

The most influential model explaining the elderly’s service use is Andersen and Newman's model. But the applicability of the model on elders’ demand on community services has not been tested, especially in developing countries such as China. This research tested the applicability of the model by studying how primary caregiver relations to the elderly influence Chinese community-dwelling elders’ demand on community services. With a total of 2,124 respondents aged 65 and older who reported primary caregivers, six primary caregiver relations were examined: son, spouse, daughter, daughter-in-law, unmarried son and daughter, and other. Data came from the 2014 wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). Results indicated that: (1) Elders cared for by daughters-in-law showed a significantly stronger tendency of expecting community services than elders cared for by other caregivers among both rural and urban areas. (2) Elders were least likely to expect community services in two cases: urban elders taken care of by daughters and rural elders whose primary caregivers were unmarried sons and daughters. Since Chinese elders cared for by different caregivers tended to seek community care in different manners, future research may study how suitable community service programs can be developed to well meet the needs of various elderly groups.     

Welfare program participation among rural‐to‐urban migrant workers in China

Xu Q, Guan X, Yao F. Welfare program participation among rural‐to‐urban migrant workers in China Int J Soc Welfare 2011: 20: 10–21 © 2010 The Author(s), Journal compilation © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and International Journal of Social Welfare. An estimated 225 million Chinese people have migrated to cities from China's rural areas over the past two decades. These rural‐to‐urban migrant workers have greatly challenged China's welfare system. The pre‐reform welfare system was a duel scheme with an urban–rural distinction in which rural residents were not covered by state‐run welfare programs and had to rely on their families and rural collectives. The development of employment‐based social insurance programs in 1999 made social welfare programs available for rural‐to‐urban migrant workers. Using an anonymous survey conducted in seven cities across China in 2006, we found that social insurance program participation rates were low among rural‐to‐urban migrant workers. Individual factors, including lack of knowledge of welfare programs and of a willingness to participate, and macro‐level factors, including type of employer and industry, are critical in determining migrant workers' participation in welfare programs. Implications for policies and practice are discussed.     

新时期西安市社区发展规划初探

城市是一种人类聚居形态,城市住区规划也是城市规划中最重要的工作内容之一。随着我国社会主义市场经济体制的不断深化,社区建设成为近年来蓬勃兴起的一个新课题,但社区规划在我国缺乏系统的理论与方法指导。基于国内外社区规划的理论研究与实践的基础,初步构建了社区规划的技术路线与理论体系,并以西安市为目标进行实际调研,得出了一定结论及需要深入研究的问题。     

Enhancing Social Support for Migrant Families: A Case Study of Community Services in a Shanghai Urban Village and Implications for Intervention

Recent years have witnessed the growing emphasis of the Chinese central government to develop community services as a method of building communities and strengthening social solidarity. With the increased involvement of multi‐generation households in China's internal rural‐to‐urban migration, however, little is known about what community services are available for migrant families. Nor do we know much about how such services can enhance social support for migrants, which is crucial for their psychological well‐being in managing the ongoing challenges that arise from migration and further integration into cities. This article presents a case study conducted in Shanghai where social services are emerging in a few urban villages. We begin with a brief background on China's rural‐to‐urban migration and the emergence of urban villages, followed by a discussion of community services and social support for Chinese migrant families. We then document existing services in an urban village to explore how they can influence migrant families' social support. Drawing on the perspective of service providers, we highlight the effects social work interventions can have on improving social support for migrant families. Finally, we propose an intervention framework based on multi‐dimensions of social support, emphasizing an integration of formal and informal social support through community services for migrant populations.     

Impact of Community on Personal Well-Being in Urban China

ABSTRACT

As the work-unit system fell after economic reform in China, neighborhoods replaced work units as the primary provider of vital social services for the urban population and became a new social space for enhancing the quality of people's well-being. This study examined the neighborhood characteristics that influenced personal well-being of residents. Drawn by multistage sampling and administered by face-to-face interviews, the survey included a sample of 976 participants from 31 neighborhoods in urban Shanghai. Results indicate that neighboring behaviors enhanced subjective well-being of the young and middle-aged residents but had no impact on older people. Sense of community, on the other hand, was found to contribute to well-being of all age groups and was particularly strong among older people in more deprived neighborhoods. Findings inform development of community practice strategies for vitalizing community efficacy and fostering individual well-being in urban China. Recommendations for future research are made using the results of this study.     

Social Support for Mothers of Children With Disabilities in China

ABSTRACT.

This article analyzes the gendered parenting experiences of mothers of children with disabilities in China. These mothers struggle to meet their children's needs, including daily care, financial security, and child development. In the context of China's social welfare development, are social services responding to their needs, so that mothers can share responsibility for the needs of their children with disabilities? The research analyzed qualitative data about 6 case-study children in rural and urban China. The data were derived from observation and interviews with their parents and other family and community members. The analysis revealed that the capacity of the mother, community, and local social services had an impact on the rights of the children and mothers. They experienced social discrimination, insufficient social support, and local failure to implement central policy social services and income support. These findings are consistent with international research about disability rights. They reinforce the importance of economic redistribution to enable local implementation of the national disability rights policies, rather than merely relying on ephemeral concepts of cultural change. Further research about the comparative impact of economic and social change in China on mothers and children with disabilities would extend these findings.     

中国式“福利依赖”的制度设计探源——北京市城市居民最低生活保障制度案例研究

本文通过对北京市25户低保家庭的长期跟踪调查,总结分析了中国制度背景下福利依赖的类型及原因。中国低保制度把多种福利与低保资格捆绑在一起,收入和资产审查缺乏可操作性,制度设计上促进就业政策基本失效。以上这几方面构成了福利依赖的制度设计原因。从这个意义上来说。中国的福利依赖原因很大程度上并不是救助福利丰厚,而是福利缺失所致。即失去低保资格会使家庭的很多风险失去保护,并且我国缺乏家计调查和工作福利制的可操作性,这些与发达国家有关“福利依赖”问题的争论有着根本的区别。     

集体性社会资本对社区参与的影响——基于多层次数据的分析

“社会资本的后果”是社会资本研究的一个重要议题。现有研究倾向于认为,中国城市社区中的集体性社会资本对社区参与具有积极的影响。本文认为,由于社会资本与社区参与都具有多个维度,两者的关系不能一概而论。基于2006-2007年在上海收集的调查数据,本研究使用多层次logistic回归模型考察了集体性社会资本对三种类型的社区参与（抗议型、体制化与公共型参与）的影响。统计结果证实了社会资本与社区参与之间复杂的联系。此外,对多层次模型的方差成份分析发现,社区社会资本可以解释60%或更多的社区间的差异。这说明,社区参与的影响因素不仅取决于居民的个人特征,还取决于居民所在的社区特征。     

中国社区建设：问题与方向

社区的真正本质是社区精神。人们通过参与社区生活,形成对自己生活和工作社区的认同。中国社会有着自己独特的历史和人文生态环境,它的社区发展和社会结构与西方有着明显区别,中国的社会组织没有得到充分发育,政府在社区发展中起主导作用,社区建设应该培育居民的共同体意识,并针对特定的社会问题（诸如无家可归、失业下岗、家庭照顾、贫困等）。     

当前我国城市居民社区意识浅议

通过对社区意识概念的阐释,从理论和实践层面说明社区意识的重要性以及对当前中国社区发展中社区意识的分析,指出当前中国城市居民的社区意识还很缺乏,同时说明这种缺乏可能导致社区发展滞后,也影响城市精神文明建设。因此,新时期应该将社区意识的发展作为社区建设的重要内容。     

论社区共同体生成的政府培育主导路径

本文通过对朝阳区的实证研究,表明我国现阶段社区共同体的生成路径是政府培育主导。它的出现是历史发展的必然结果:在建国初期的单位共同体下,人们不仅缺乏结社传统,而且形成了对政府的依赖心理,致使我国社区共同体生成的主导方式一直是政府生成路径。但在现阶段,政府生成路径已经发生转变,变成了政府培育主导,而不是单位共同体下的政府控制主导,这体现了社区建设的发展方向是社区自治而不是社区控制。     

问题与思路:从社区建设到社区发展

狭义的城市社区在经济上不能为大多数社区成员提供可依托的共同资源 ,而在政治上其民主自治还处于封闭的有限范围内 ,因而在社区的演化过程中逐渐形成了城市社区家居性表层化结构。不同的社区建设模式的相对意义 ,包含社区建设和社区发展的双重目标。在区位和内涵上区别社区建设和社区发展 ,对于深化城市社区建设和城市管理方式改革有重要意义。政府与社区的关系是长期稳定的 ,而不是暂时性、过渡性关系 ,这是由政府的系统职能所决定的     

突发事件中的国家-社会关系——上海基层社区“抗非”考察

对中国城市基层治理的探讨,大多得出“强国家、弱社会”的结论,其议题亦无涉居民切身利益,无法为“强势国家”提供有力佐证。本研究以上海社区“抗非”动员为背景,观察突发事件中的国家-社会关系。调查发现,上海的“抗非”工作几乎都由国家主导,居民仅被动配合,自发参与度极其有限。在具体策略上,国家一方面透过主流媒体的调控,掌握“议题建构”渠道;另一方面则借助社区建设的配合,节制“社会参与”渠道,从而在因对突发事件的过程中,强化了国家的合法性和掌控力,构筑了“国强社弱”的制度格局。