共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Joseph J. Sabia 《Journal of population economics》2008,21(1):111-134
While reducing out-of-wedlock childbearing is a central goal of welfare reform, most policymakers prefer achieving this objective
via a reduction in nonmarital pregnancy rates rather than through an increase in the incidence of abortion. Using aggregate
state-level data from 1984 to 1998, I estimate fixed effects models that allow for autocorrelated and heteroskedastic disturbances
to examine the association between the family cap and nonmarital birth, pregnancy, and abortion rates. I find robust evidence
that the family cap is associated with a reduction in nonmarital birth rates, particularly among black women. This reduction
is driven by a reduction in nonmarital pregnancy rates rather than through an increase in abortion or marriage rates. These
findings suggest that that the stigmatizing effect of the family cap may influence the nonmarital pregnancy decisions of black
women.
相似文献
Joseph J. SabiaEmail: |
2.
Lingxin Hao Nan M. Astone Andrew J. Cherlin 《Population research and policy review》2007,26(3):235-257
This paper is an assessment of the impact of child support enforcement and welfare policies on nonmarital teenage childbearing
and motherhood. We derive four hypotheses about the effects of policies on nonmarital teenage childbearing and motherhood.
We propose that teenage motherhood and school enrollment are joint decisions for teenage girls. Based on individual trajectories
during ages 12–19, our analysis uses an event history model for nonmarital teenage childbearing and a dynamic model of motherhood
that is jointly determined with school enrollment. We find some evidence that child support policies indirectly reduce teen
motherhood by increasing the probability of school enrollment, which, in turn, reduces the probability of teen motherhood.
This finding suggests that welfare offices may wish to place greater weight on outreach programs that inform more teenagers
of the existence of strong child support enforcement measures. Such programs might reduce nonmarital teen motherhood further
and thus reduce the need for welfare support and child support enforcement in the long run.
相似文献
Lingxin HaoEmail: |
3.
Barbara Wolfe Robert Haveman Karen Pence Jonathan A. Schwabish 《Journal of population economics》2007,20(1):73-100
We hypothesize that teen nonmarital birth events are influenced by adolescent girls’ perceptions of the consequences of their
choices. Two such consequences are explored: (1) a teen’s expected future marriage and cohabitation relationships and (2)
the present value of expected future income. We also measure the effects of the characteristics of the teen, her prior choices,
her family, her neighborhood, and the social and economic environment in which she lives. The results, based on the Michigan
Panel Study of Income Dynamics, suggest that teens place greater weight on the relationship consequences than the income consequences,
but that both consequences influence their nonmarital birth choices.
相似文献
Jonathan A. SchwabishEmail: |
4.
Birth order matters: the effect of family size and birth order on educational attainment 总被引:6,自引:5,他引:1
Using the British Household Panel Survey, we investigate if family size and birth order affect children’s subsequent educational
attainment. Theory suggests a trade-off between child quantity and “quality” and that siblings are unlikely to receive equal
shares of parental resources devoted to children’s education. We construct a new birth order index that effectively purges
family size from birth order and use this to test if siblings are assigned equal shares in the family’s educational resources.
We find that the shares are decreasing with birth order. Ceteris paribus, children from larger families have less education,
and the family size effect does not vanish when we control for birth order. These findings are robust to numerous specification
checks.
相似文献
Hiau Joo KeeEmail: |
5.
Geoffrey L. Wallace 《Journal of Population Research》2009,26(1):73-101
Family caps seek to reduce fertility among welfare recipients by denying additional cash assistance to recipients who have
children while on welfare. A necessary condition for family caps to be an effective policy tool is that welfare recipients
respond to financial incentives in making decisions that affect subsequent fertility outcomes. This paper uses data from the
2001 and 2004 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) to examine whether welfare mothers respond to
the incentive provided by the Aid to Families with Dependent Children/Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (AFDC/TANF) system
in determining whether or not to have a second child. The results show no evidence that family caps have an effect on the
subsequent childbearing of never married women.
相似文献
Geoffrey L. WallaceEmail: |
6.
Temporary Employment and Social Inequality in Canada: Exploring Intersections of Gender, Race and Immigration Status 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Using data from the 2002–2004 waves of Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics, this article investigates the consequences of
different types of temporary employment—fixed-term or contract, casual, agency and seasonal employment—for differently situated
workers in Canada. Attention to intersecting social locations of gender, race and immigrant status helps capture the complex
implications of temporary work for inequality. In particular, it highlights the salience of gender relations in shaping workers’
experience of insecurity in different types of temporary employment.
相似文献
Leah F. VoskoEmail: |
7.
Gregory Ponthiere 《Social indicators research》2007,84(2):203-230
Whereas period life expectancy constitutes an intuitive indicator of the survival conditions prevailing at a particular period,
this paper argues that, given the existence of welfare interdependencies, that widespread indicator is nonetheless an incomplete
measure of the longevity achievements relevant for human well-being. The central importance of coexistence for human-beings
implies that usual life expectancy measures should be complemented by joint life expectancy indicators, which measure the
average coexistence time under particular survival conditions. After a study of the theoretical foundations of ‘single’ and
‘joint’ life expectancy indicators, it is shown that joint life expectancy measures tend to enrich significantly the comparison
of longevity achievements across countries and periods. Moreover, the introduction of joint life expectancy indicators—as
a complement to conventional life expectancy measures—into multi-variable indexes such as the United Nations’ HDI is also
shown to affect international rankings of standards of living to a non negligible extent.
相似文献
Gregory PonthiereEmail: |
8.
Anna Piil Damm 《Journal of population economics》2009,22(1):145-174
This paper exploits a Danish spatial dispersal policy on refugees, which can be regarded as a natural experiment to investigate
the influence of regional factors on recent immigrants’ location choices. The main push factors are lack of co-nationals and
immigrants. Additional push factors are lack of rental, including social, housing and lack of institutions for qualifying
education, which explain why recent immigrants are attracted to large cities. Finally, placed refugees tend to leave locations
with relatively high regional unemployment, and there is indirect evidence of welfare seeking.
相似文献
Anna Piil DammEmail: |
9.
Analysis of casual work in British Columbia is an important issue given that the increase in casual work has been greater
in this province than in other provinces in Canada and given that the labour market has been substantially deregulated since
2001. In this paper, we analyse how individuals’ casual employment status affects their economic security based on a specially
designed survey undertaken by the authors. We follow the ILO’s classification of the dimensions of economic security but,
based on our findings, add a further dimension—Time security—As being of particular importance to casual workers. On the basis
of these results, we analyse the policy interventions that might be necessary to increase the economic security of casual
workers, policies which we suggest can best be conceptualized as providing a “security quilt”.
相似文献
Paul BowlesEmail: |
10.
Using confidential microdata from the US Census Bureau, we investigate the performance of Asian-owned businesses. Using regression
estimates and a special non-linear decomposition technique, we explore the role that class resources, such as financial capital
and human capital, play in contributing to the relative success of Asian businesses. We find that Asian-owned businesses are
more successful than white-owned businesses for two main reasons—Asian owners have high levels of human capital and their
businesses have substantial start-up capital. Using detailed information on both the owner and the firm, we estimate the explanatory
power of several additional factors.
相似文献
Robert W. Fairlie (Corresponding author)Email: |
11.
Life Goals Matter to Happiness: A Revision of Set-Point Theory 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bruce Headey 《Social indicators research》2008,86(2):213-231
Using data from the long-running German Socio-Economic Panel Survey (SOEP), this paper provides evidence that life goals matter
substantially to subjective well-being (SWB). Non-zero sum goals, which include commitment to family, friends and social and
political involvement, promote life satisfaction. Zero sum goals, including commitment to career success and material gains,
appear detrimental to life satisfaction. Finding that conscious life goals matter can potentially make an important contribution
to SWB theory. The most widely accepted theory—set-point or dynamic equilibrium theory—essentially claims that set-points
are near-automatic consequences of hereditary characteristics, including personality traits. Life goals play no role in these
theories and major life events are viewed as having only a transitory effect. The SOEP panel data show that, over a 15–20
year period, non-trivial minorities record substantial changes in their set-points. This paper shows linkages between these
changes and (a) the personality traits of extraversion, neuroticism and internal locus of control and (b) choice of life goals.
相似文献
Bruce HeadeyEmail: |
12.
The dynamics of immigrant welfare and labor market behavior 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper analyzes transitions into and out of social assistance, unemployment, and employment. We estimate a dynamic multinomial
logit model, controlling for endogenous initial condition and unobserved heterogeneity, using a large representative Swedish
panel data set. The empirical results suggest that particularly refugee immigrants display a greater degree of “structural”
state dependence than natives. The high welfare participation rates among refugee immigrants may be due to the existence of
a “welfare trap”, while participation among natives and non-refugee immigrants is largely due to permanent unobserved characteristics.
These results suggest that welfare reforms may have differential effects on refugee immigrants and natives.
相似文献
Magnus LofstromEmail: |
13.
Maria Gutiérrez-Domènech 《Journal of population economics》2008,21(1):83-110
This paper investigates how education and the labour market affect Spanish individual decisions on the timing of marriage
and births, using a Cox hazard approach. It disentangles men and women, and two groups, Cohort 1945–1960 and Cohort 1961–1977.
Results show that female employment delays marriage in Cohort 1945–1960, but it has a reverse effect in Cohort 1961–1977.
We also find evidence that employment is a barrier for family formation since employed women postpone births in both cohorts.
The precarious Spanish labour markets, captured by female unemployment rates, delay family formation, especially by putting
off marriage. Male unemployment, at the individual level, impacts negatively on fertility only through delaying marriage.
相似文献
Maria Gutiérrez-DomènechEmail: |
14.
15.
Work-Family Conflict and Working Conditions in Western Europe 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This article explores the influence of working conditions on work-family conflict (WFC) among married/cohabiting employees
across seven European countries. Using data from the European Social Survey, the paper first investigates the role of working
conditions relative to household level characteristics in mediating work-family conflict at the individual level. It then
considers whether perceived conflict is lower in countries with coordinated production regimes and where social policy is
more supportive of combining paid work and care demands. For men the lowest rates of WFC occurred in Denmark, Sweden and Norway,
so for men there was a distinct ‘Nordic’ effect consistent with the welfare and production regime expectations. For women,
we find paradoxically that ‘raw’ levels of work-family conflict are particularly high in France, Denmark and Sweden where
supports for reconciling work and family life are high. Our models show that the high conflict among French women can be explained
by household composition factors and so is due to higher levels of family pressures. Higher levels of conflict among Danish
and Swedish women appear to be associated with their longer hours of work. Work conditions are found to play a larger role
than family characteristics in accounting for work-family conflict, both in the country level models and in the pooled models.
While this partly reflects our focus on the spillover of work into family life, it is notable that family characteristics
have little effect in mediating work pressures. The results suggest that a policy emphasis on improving work conditions is
likely to have major leverage in reducing work-family conflict.
相似文献
Helen RussellEmail: |
16.
In a recent paper, Manning et al. (Popul Res Policy Rev 23:135–139, 2004) examine the stability of marital and cohabiting
unions from the perspective of children and find that children born to cohabiting parents are more likely to experience a
parental separation than children born to married parents. They find, further, that subsequent marriage among cohabiting parents
is associated with increases in the stability of these families, particularly among whites. We rely on the same data, the
1995 National Survey of Family Growth, to extend their findings. Our empirical results complement Manning et al.’s by modeling
four distinct trajectories of cohabitation and marriage around the time of the first birth and by comparing the dissolution
risks associated with each. We focus particular attention on the stability of cohabiting couples who marry before a first
birth and those who marry after a first birth. For these couples, we find that the ordering of cohabitation, marriage, and
childbirth is not associated with union stability, and we interpret this to suggest that many cohabiting couples jointly plan
marriage and childbirth.
相似文献
Kelly MusickEmail: |
17.
The Common European Asylum System calls for increased coordination of the European Union (EU) countries’ policies towards asylum seekers and refugees. In this paper, we provide a formal analysis of the effects of coordination, explicitly modelling the democratic process through which policy is determined. In a symmetric, two-country citizen-candidate setup, in which accepting asylum seekers in one country generates a cross-border externality in the other, we show that coordination is desirable. Internalizing the externality leads to a welfare improvement over the non-cooperative outcome. However, contrary to suggestions by many observers, we show that allowing for cross-country transfers in the cooperative outcome leads to a welfare inferior outcome because the possibility of compensation exacerbates strategic delegation effects.
相似文献
Gerald Willmann (Corresponding author)Email: Fax: +49-431-8803150 |
18.
Reliable forecasts of life expectancies are of importance for the financial stability of social security systems and the life
insurance industry. A discrete-time stochastic process and a continuous-time stochastic process are proposed to model the
dynamics of German mortality rates from which life expectancies are calculated. More precisely, a panel data model is utilized,
which distinguishes between a common time effect and a common age effect. The model is easy to fit, yields interpretable parameters,
and allows for a simple analysis of the forecast error. The main applications of the model are the forecast of mortality rates—and
the resulting life expectancies—and the pricing of mortality derivatives.
相似文献
Rafael Schmidt (Corresponding author)Email: |
19.
Money Does not Buy Happiness: Or Does It? A Reassessment Based on the Combined Effects of Wealth,Income and Consumption 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
The paper uses household economic panel data from five countries—Australia, Britain, Germany, Hungary and The Netherlands—to
provide a reassessment of the impact of economic well-being on happiness. The main conclusion is that happiness is considerably
more affected by economic circumstances than previously believed. In all five countries wealth affects life satisfaction more
than income. In the countries for which consumption data are available (Britain and Hungary), non-durable consumption expenditures
also prove at least as important to happiness as income.
相似文献
Bruce HeadeyEmail: |
20.
Given the intrinsically sequential nature of childbirth, timing of a child’s birth has consequences not only for itself but
also for its older and younger siblings. The paper argues that prior spacing and posterior spacing between consecutive siblings
are thus important measures of intensity of sibling competition for limited parental resources. While the available estimates
of child mortality tend to ignore the endogeneity of sibling composition, we use a correlated recursive model of prior and
posterior spacing and child mortality to correct it. There is evidence that uncorrected estimates under-estimate the effects
of prior and posterior spacing on child mortality.
相似文献
Sarmistha Pal (Corresponding author)Email: |