西方国家失业治理的对策及启示

如何有效地控制失业、促进就业，是世界各国普遍高度重视并致力于解决的重大经济和社会问题。文章主要从持续的经济增长促进就业、改革原有的社会福利和失业保障制度、推行积极的劳动力培训政策、推进劳动力市场结构改革四方面总结了西方国家失业治理的经验，为我国各级政府应对就业挑战提供参考。     

职业分类我国劳动力管理的一项重大工程

职业分类我国劳动力管理的一项重大工程劳动部部长李伯勇在社会主义市场经济体制下，作为劳动体制改革的一项很重要的工作就是解决好劳动力资源的总量平衡、开发利用和合理配置问题。这对于缓解我国的就业压力，建立合理的就业机制，提高劳动者素质，促进社会经济的繁荣与...     

在培训与就业的结合上下功夫

“抓就业首先要抓培训”，已成为许多人的共识，然而，要真正通过培训促进就业，还是有许多工作要做。笔者根据从事培训工作的实践，谈一点粗浅的体会。 一、当前就业难的成因分析 就业，既是经济问题，又是政治问题，事关国计民生。近几年来，随着企业改革的深化，“下岗分流、减员增效”的实施，使原来的隐性失业显性化，城镇失业率迅速上升，就业出现了前所未有的困难局面。剖析就业难的成因，主要是两个方面：一是我国人口多、劳动力资源丰富，劳动力数量历来供大于求，就业岗位相对不足；二是劳动力素质不适应或跟不上经济发展以及技术…     

城市劳动力市场求职主体的特点

在向市场经济转轨过程中,我国劳动力市场逐步发育完善,城乡统一的劳动力市场初步形成,计划用人机制被基本摒弃,就业市场化格局不可逆转,双向选择成为就业的基本形式。研究劳动力市场求职主体的特点,对于加强职业培训,提高劳动者的职业素质,促进劳动者的充分就业,进而提升企业的竞争力,加快企业经济的发展具有重要的意义。     

权威发布

中国就业政策基本框架初步形成中国劳动和社会保障部副部长张小建近日指出，中国已初步形成有中国特色积极就业政策的基本框架。该框架可以概括为五项基本内容：以提高经济增长对就业的拉动能力为取向的宏观经济政策；以重点促进下岗失业人员再就业为取向的扶持政策；以实现劳动力与就业需求合理匹配为取向的劳动力市场政策；以减少失业为取向的宏观调控政策；以保障下岗失业人员基本生活为取向的社会保障政策。这五方面的基本内容相互支撑，相互促进，构成了一个比较完整的体系。张小建还认为，在社会主义市场经济条件下，解决就业问题主要…     

农村劳动力外出就业与形成中的农村劳动力市场

通过对农村劳动力外出就业的调查，作者分析研究了形成中的中国农村劳动力市场。研究发现：中国经济的快速增长、城乡差异和地区差异形成了对跨地区农村劳动力的需求，但需求存在着结构性偏差；农村劳动力外出就业的信息主要由亲缘、亲缘关系者提供，但包工头也起了一定作用；大量农村剩余劳动力在数量上保证了供给，外出就业者身体素质较好，文化素质较高，但职业培训不足；外出就业者收入可以，但缺乏保障。因此，作者就如何克服农村劳动力外出就业中存在的问题以及如何完善和培育农村劳动力市场提出了自己的看法     

当今世界就业形势及其主要特征

随着经济全球化的迅猛发展，高新技术产业的快速崛起，以及各国社会经济发展和政策调整，世界就业格局发生了明显变化。总的看，多数发达国家的失业率呈下降趋势；部分过渡经济国家的就业状况有所改善；大部分发展中国家的就业形势依然严峻。据国际劳工组织研究报告显示：在全世界３０亿经济活动人口中，失业人口有１．５亿，不充分就业人口有７．５亿至９亿；在全世界６０亿人口中，生活费每天不足１美元的赤贫人口，约有１２亿。促进就业、消除贫困和社会融合依然是当今世界的主题。 近年来，一些发达市场经济国家的劳动力市场出现了令人…     

服务就业是立足之本

加强职业培训，提高劳动者就业能力和适应职业变化的能力，是当今世界各国为促进就业而实行的积极劳动力市场政策的重要内容。市场经济国家在解决就业问题时，无一例外地把培训作为促进就业的重要手段。在经济全球化背景下，培训具有越来越重要的作用，这是国际劳工组织积多年经验得出的结论。就业呼唤培训，就业期待着技工学校发挥更加积极的作用。技校作为职业培训工作的主体力量，服务就业是其立足之本；提高培训质量，扩大培训规模，促进就业，是技工学校责无旁贷的使命和职责。 近年来，在推行劳动预备制度和实施“三年千万再就业培训…     

社会经济发展模式选择对大学生就业的影响

“十一五”期间,预计我国年均新增劳动力将在1000万左右,但是,按照目前经济增长对就业的拉动效应,即GDP增长1%,可以增加80万个就业岗位,如果经济发展速度保持在7%,约增加600万个就业岗位。显然,新增加就业岗位的数量是不可能满足就业需要的,需要提高GDP增长对就业岗位的拉动效应；并且,新增加就业岗位的层次分布(或岗位对技能的要求水平),     

关于"阳光工程"培训转移农民的探讨

随着改革的深化和发展,农村剩余劳动力不断增加,但这些劳动力整体素质不高,缺乏转移就业的职业技能,难以提升从业岗位层次.开展农村劳动力"阳光工程"培训转移,是提高农村劳动力素质和就业技能、加快农村劳动力转移、促进农民增收的重要措施,也是提高农民就业能力、增强我国产业竞争力的一项重要的基本工作.在调查摸底的基础上,笔者所在技工学校广泛深入地开展了农村剩余劳动力转移培训"阳光工程"工作,有效地转移了农村剩余劳动力.     

Interview: Sukaynah Salameh,director of the Vocational Development Association (VDSA), Lebanon

In this interview, Sukaynah Salameh, director of the nongovernmental Vocational Development Association (VDA) of Lebanon, states that the VDA was created to provide Palestinian and Lebanese youth with employment skills appropriate for local market conditions. The young men and women served by the VDA have had their education curtailed by 15 years of civil war and deteriorating economic conditions in their country. The situation is particularly difficult for Palestinian refugee women who face employment opportunities limited by scarce jobs, laws regulating the employment of refugees, competition by cheaper migrant labor, and women's unequal status. Most training programs provide refugee women with skills that do little but enhance their housekeeping skills. The VDA offers 6-9 month training courses using its own curricula. In addition, the VDA keeps a roster of its graduates to evaluate the usefulness of its training. This record-keeping allowed the VDA to determine that the market was being saturated with the skills they were offering. Therefore, the VDA conducted a market analysis that focused on the socioeconomic status of refugee women. This research revealed that the number of refugee girls enrolled in primary and intermediate school has gradually declined, although most young women 15-25 years old want to learn skills in order to find jobs. In order to increase the level of female enrollment in its vocational courses, the VDA decided to provide women who already have basic education skills with additional training in subjects the market is demanding, like architecture and design and computer studies. In addition, the VDA has begun an individual outreach program to promote the idea of female education and employment and has developed a network to help women find jobs.     

新生代农民工职业化的困境与出路

近年来,农民工中的新生代农民工已经成为新产业工人的主体,但他们面临着自身素质低、二元分割劳动力市场制度、城市歧视性用工政策等方面的困境,这成为制约新生代农民工职业化和市民化的瓶颈。要突破这一困境,一方面要增强新生代农民工的职业意识,建立人力资本投入机制;另一方面要大力发展职业教育,构建职业化的就业体系,在此基础上实现新生代农民工的职业化,促进城乡一体化发展。     

加强学校就业指导教研室建设的思考

新形势下进一步加强就业教研室建设，是学校教育和人才培养的任务所决定的。笔者认为，加强就业教研室建设是提升就业质量水平的重要基础、促进就业教学改革的重要阵地、增强就业理论研究的重要平台、提高就业教学师资水平的重要保证。因此，学校应该将教研室建设作为就业体系的基础性工作来抓，深化就业服务，提高就业质量。     

THE DEMAND FOR EDUCATION FOR HOME PRODUCTION

This paper analyzes a type of education thus far ignored in the literature—non-credit adult education to enhance home production skills. In the analysis, we test whether such education behaves as an investment in home productivity and also compare the differences between demands for home productivity enhancing education and labor market enhancing education. Results on four adult cohorts indicate that both types of schooling have investment components, although there are also significant differences in the two demand functions. Results also indicate that the two types of education are complementary rather than substitute activities.     

新形势下上海促进就业的机制研究

为推动上海实现更高质量就业,必须通过健全促进就业政策,充分发挥政府、市场、企业与劳动力的合力,以经济发展创造就业岗位,不断提升就业质量,持续扩大就业总量。深入推进城市空间结构调整,有效加快郊区新城建设步伐,充分发挥郊区新城分流人口、扩大就业与推动增长的作用。继续完善创业环境,构建鼓励创业的城市文化与社会氛围,深入促进新兴业态发展,切实发挥创业促就业的作用。进一步构建和谐劳动关系,努力维护劳动者权益,适时制订、修改、完善劳动政策法规,推进劳动合同签订与工资集体协商机制,充分发挥失业保险和社会保障体系推动就业的应有作用。     

Local Economic Opportunity and the Competing Risks of Internal and U.S. Migration in Zacatecas,Mexico1

This article uses a competing risks model to examine the effects of origin economic conditions on the probability of temporary U.S. and internal labor migration in the Mexican state of Zacatecas. We measure origin economic conditions with municipal‐level indices of employment and small‐scale investment opportunities that we constructed from population and economic census data. The results of our analysis demonstrate the important influence of local employment and investment opportunities on migration outcomes. Controlling for the prior municipal rate of U.S. return migration and other factors, positive opportunities for small‐scale investment are associated with a higher risk of temporary migration to the United States. This result is consistent with investment oriented migration predicted by the new economics of labor migration theory. We also find comparable social network effects for both internal and U.S. migration. Having social ties to active migrants of one type (U.S. or internal), encourages migration of the same type and discourages migration of the other type.     

促进上海高校毕业生就业的建议

为促进高校毕业生就业,上海需继续推进职业教育发展,完善就业技能培训体系,促使就业培训市场化,全面提升高校毕业生的就业能力。支持中小企业发展,教育学生改变轻视中小企业的成见,促使其改变就业观念;解决中小企业融资难的问题,通过优惠政策鼓励其吸纳高校毕业生。发挥高校就业指导中心提供就业服务的主渠道功能,推动高校就业指导服务机构建设;增加对非重点院校就业促进工作的资金支持;注重专业设置与产业发展之间有效衔接的长期规划。激励高校学生通过实习增加实践经验,增加社会实践学分的比重,严格执行学分认定标准;开设实践知识讲堂,为学生储备实习知识。     

Women’s Tertiary Education Masks the Gender Wage Gap in Turkey

This paper investigates the gender wage gap for full-time formal sector employees, disaggregated by education level. The gap between the labor force participation rate of women with tertiary education and those with lower levels of education is substantial. There is no such gap for men. Hence, existing gender wage gap studies for Turkey, where we observe lopsided labor force participation rates by education levels, compare two very different populations. We disaggregate the whole sample by education level to create more homogenous sub-groups. For Turkey, without disaggregation, the gender wage gap was 13% in 2011, and women are significantly over-qualified relative to men on observed characteristics. Once we disaggregate the sample by education level, we show that the gender wage gap is 24% for less educated women and 9% for women with tertiary education in full-time formal employment. Observed characteristics only explain 1 % of this gap in absolute terms. We further disaggregate the data by public and private employment. The gender gap is higher in the private sector. However, women with tertiary education in the public sector are significantly better qualified compared to men, and consequently the adjusted gender wage gap is higher for women with tertiary education in the public sector. Our estimates also indicate a rise in the gender wage gap between 2004 and 2011.     

关于促进城市化进程中失地农民就业的政策建议

在对我国城市化快速推进地区大样本抽样调查的基础上,通过分析失地农民的现状以及就业困难的原因,提出政府应该采取的措施:首先要提高对失地农民就业问题重要性的认识,采取相应的政策促进失地农民就业;其次要建立合理的征地补偿机制,使农民利益得到合理照顾;再次要加强培训,提高失地农民的素质,增强就业竞争力,拓宽就业渠道。同时,要完善就业保障制度,保障失地农民在就业收入、就业机会、社会保障、教育、户籍以及其他方面的权益。     

The Changing Effect of Education on Asian Immigrants' Self‐Employment

This article examines whether the post‐1990 Asian immigrants have a lower likelihood of being self‐employed than their counterparts in the 1970s–1980s immigrant cohort. More important, it investigates whether the relationship between education and self‐employment changes across the two immigrant cohorts. The authors framed these questions in the context of the changing U.S. immigration policy and used the ethnic and class recourses thesis and the thesis emphasizing immigrants' disadvantages for employment in the general labor market as two major theoretical orientations. Data come from the 1990 Census 5 percent sample and the 2007–2011 American Community Survey 5‐year sample. Findings from logistic regression analyses show that the second‐cohort Chinese, Asian Indian, and Korean immigrants have a lower likelihood of being self‐employed than their first‐cohort counterparts. Findings further show that education has a positive effect on the likelihood of self‐employment for the first‐cohort Asian Indian, Filipino, and Korean immigrants. For the second cohort, education has a negative effect on the likelihood of self‐employment for all Asian immigrant groups. The authors discussed the implications of these findings and concluded that well‐educated second‐cohort Asian immigrants face fewer disadvantages in finding their occupations commensurate with their educational level in the general labor market than their first‐cohort counterparts.