金融资产的VaR和CVaR风险的优良估计

本文利用统计理论的优良点估计方法来估计金融市场风险的VaR和CVaR,既可避开现有方法中大量的模拟计算和参数估计等工作,又可提高估算精度.在资产-正态模型下,根据不同的风险估计要求,对金融资产的这两种风险分别提供了三种优良估计,即一致最小方差无偏估计,最佳线性次序统计量无偏估计,最佳线性次序统计量同变估计,并提供了实证分析.     

基于期权与高频数据信息的VaR度量研究

传统的市场风险度量模型没有充分利用期权与高频数据包含的信息,且主要基于单因子波动率模型,导致信息的损失以及模型缺乏足够的灵活性.本文基于灵活的双因子随机波动率模型,通过提取期权与高频数据包含的市场前瞻与当前信息,构建相应的市场风险度量波动率模型对在险值（VaR）进行度量.为了估计模型参数,建立基于连续粒子滤波的极大似然估计方法.采用iVX指数与已实现波动率测度（RV）作为上证50ETF期权与高频数据信息的代理,对构建的市场风险度量波动率模型进行了实证检验,结果表明：充分利用了期权与高频数据信息的双因子随机波动率模型能够在快速变化的市场环境中更好地估计波动率,相比其它波动率模型（仅利用了历史数据信息的GARCH模型、利用了高频数据信息的已实现GARCH模型以及利用了期权与高频数据信息的单因子随机波动率模型）具有更为优越的VaR度量精确性,尤其是极端风险情形下的VaR估计精确性改进明显,凸显了期权与高频数据信息以及双因子波动率在市场风险管理中的价值.     

基于SV-SGED模型的动态VaR测度研究

本文针对金融资产收益展现出“有偏”及“厚尾”分布特征,引入有偏广义误差分布（SGED）来描述资产收益,继而提出SV-SGED模型对资产收益波动率建模,并以此来测度动态风险值（VaR）,进而采用后验测试技术对风险测度模型的精确性进行检验。同时,为了估计SV模型的参数,提出基于有效重要性抽样（EIS）技巧的极大似然（ML）估计方法。最后,给出了基于上证综合指数的实证研究。结果表明,SV-SGED模型比正态分布假定下的SV（SV-N）和广义误差分布假定下的SV（SV-GED）模型具有更好的波动率描述能力,SV-SGED模型展现出比SV-N和SV-GED模型更优越的风险测度能力。     

Joint supplier selection and scheduling of customer orders under disruption risks: Single vs. dual sourcing

This paper presents a stochastic mixed integer programming approach to integrated supplier selection and customer order scheduling in the presence of supply chain disruption risks, for a single or dual sourcing strategy. The suppliers are assumed to be located in two different geographical regions: in the producer's region (domestic suppliers) and outside the producer's region (foreign suppliers). The supplies are subject to independent random local disruptions that are uniquely associated with a particular supplier and to random semi-global (regional) disruptions that may result in disruption of all suppliers in the same geographical region simultaneously. The domestic suppliers are relatively reliable but more expensive, while the foreign suppliers offer competitive prices, however material flows from these suppliers are more exposed to unexpected disruptions. Given a set of customer orders for products, the decision maker needs to decide which single supplier or which two different suppliers, one from each region, to select for purchasing parts required to complete the customer orders and how to schedule the orders over the planning horizon, to mitigate the impact of disruption risks. The problem objective is either to minimize total cost or to maximize customer service level. The obtained combinatorial stochastic optimization problem will be formulated as a mixed integer program with conditional value-at-risk as a risk measure. The risk-neutral and risk-averse solutions that optimize, respectively average and worst-case performance of a supply chain are compared for a single and dual sourcing strategy and for the two different objective functions. Numerical examples and computational results are presented and some managerial insights on the choice between the two sourcing strategies are reported.     

排污权价格随机情境下基于CVaR 准则的企业生产决策

面向排污权市场价格随机情境,通过提取理性企业在产品生产、污染削减、排污权交易等方面决策行为与排污权市场价格之间的关联性,推导了排污权市场价格随机情境下的企业随机利润函数;基于条件风险价值(CVaR)风险度量准则,推导了任意置信水平下随机利润的风险价值(VaR)解析表达式,建立了不同排污权预期价格和置信水平下的CVaR测度模型;基于此,深入论证了给定置信水平下实现随机利润CVaR最大化的企业最优决策及其特征,并系统分析了外部情景要素变动对最优决策及其优化结果的影响。主要结论表明：在企业分别作为排污权出售者与购买者两种情况下,随机利润CVaR的具体测度因利润下行风险存在的排污权市场价格区间不同而存在差异;基于CVaR准则,考虑决策风险的最优决策受到决策主体置信水平、排污权初始配额、排污权市场价格均值及标准差等多因素的复杂影响,进而系统性地偏离风险中性最优决策,并表现出风险规避特征;通过算例分析对所得结论进行全面验证,进一步说明该模型能较好地刻画与反映排污权交易企业决策风险及其现实决策行为。     

Portfolio value-at-risk estimation for spot chartering decisions under changing trade patterns: A copula approach

Evolving geopolitical relationships between countries (especially between China and the United States) in recent years have highlighted dynamically changing trade patterns across the globe, all of which elevate risk and uncertainty for transport service providers. In order to mitigate risks, shipowners and operators must be able to estimate risks appropriately; one potentially promising method of doing so is through the value-at-risk (VaR) method. VaR describes the worst loss a portfolio is likely to sustain, which will not be exceeded over a target time horizon at a given level of confidence. This article proposes a copula-based GARCH model to estimate the joint multivariate distribution, which is a key component in VaR estimation. We show that the copula model can capture the VaR more successfully, as compared with the traditional method of calculation. As an empirical study, the expected portfolio VaR is examined when a shipowner chooses among Panamax soybean trading routes under a condition of reduced trade volumes between the United States and China due to the ongoing trade turmoil. This study serves as one of the very few papers in the literature on shipping portfolio VaR analysis. The results have significant implications for shipowners regarding fleet repositioning, decision making, and risk management.     

稳健非参数VaR建模及风险量化研究

参数VaR模型被广泛应用于风险测量中,然而需要给出具体的结构形式,这就容易发生模型错误设定的灾难,使风险计量的精确性易于产生较大偏差。针对参数VaR模型的设定误差问题,本文构建了SQ-ARCH和Nop-Quantile两个非参数VaR模型,诣在提高传统风险计量模型的灵活性、稳定性和准确性。采用稳健的分位数回归方法,得到了计算这两个VaR模型的具体表达式并给出了模型估计的算法和步骤。Monte Carlo模拟发现无论模型正确还是错误设定非参数VaR模型比参数ARCH类VaR模型更稳健。此外,把这两个稳健非参数VaR模型应用于我国股票市场风险量化的实证分析中。研究结果表明稳健非参数VaR模型比参数ARCH类VaR模型度量风险更准确。     

Decision model of customer order decoupling point on multiple customer demands in logistics service supply chain

The key factor in realising competitiveness of a logistics service supply chain (LSSC) is its ability to meet customised requirements with the cost of mass service. This paper introduces the concepts of mass customisation and customer order decoupling point (CODP) into the field of logistics service to solve the problem of CODP when a logistics service integrator (LSI) in an LSSC operates under mass customisation. Two models of CODP decision, respectively, on single and multiple customer demands, are developed. Both process constraints and lead time constraints from the customised logistics service orders are considered. Unlike CODP positioning models within the manufacturing supply chain, the objective of this paper is to exclusively consider the cost of order transferring and order waiting at CODP to minimise total cost of the LSI. The applications of the two models are also discussed by two real cases, and three major conclusions are drawn. First, introducing mass customisation into an LSSC and minimising total cost of order processing of the LSI by selecting an optimised CODP is feasible. Second, total cost will decrease monotonously along with the movement of CODP toward the last service procedure under the precondition of satisfying lead time constraints. Third, parameters about the customers’ logistics service orders will bring about great influence on the selection of CODP. For instance, the lead time of orders will influence the number of feasible CODPs and the position of optimal CODP. Also, decreasing cost of order transferring and order waiting will not cause the change of optimal CODP, while increasing cost of order transferring and order waiting will lead to the switch of optimal CODP.     

Selection of supply portfolio under disruption risks

This paper deals with the optimal selection of supply portfolio in a make-to-order environment in the presence of supply chain disruption risks. Given a set of customer orders for products, the decision maker needs to decide from which supplier to purchase custom parts required for each customer order to minimize total cost and mitigate the impact of disruption risks. The selection of suppliers and allocation of orders is based on price and quality of purchased parts and reliability of delivery. The two types of disruption scenarios are considered: scenarios with independent local disruptions of each supplier and scenarios with local and global disruptions that may result in all suppliers disruption simultaneously. The problem is formulated as a single- or bi-objective mixed integer program and a value-at-risk and conditional value-at-risk approach is applied to control the risk of supply disruptions. The proposed portfolio approach is capable of optimizing the supply portfolio by calculating value-at-risk of cost per part and minimizing expected worst-case cost per part simultaneously. Numerical examples are presented and some computational results are reported.     

条件自回归expectile模型及其在基金业绩评价中的应用

本文研究了日收益率之下开放式基金的业绩评价和检验问题,提出了改进的条件自回归expectile（CARE）模型并应用到基金业绩评价的问题研究中。首先运用非对称最小二乘法（ALS）对动态的CARE模型进行半参数估计,得到样本基金收益率序列的VaR值和ES值。其次,使用计算结果对样本基金的日收益率进行风险调整,得到基于VaR和ES修正的Sharpe比率。最后,在实证研究中,本文使用传统的Sharpe比率、基于VaR和ES的Sharpe比率对我国56只开放式基金在2005-2011年间的业绩进行了实证分析,结论显著证明了CARE模型在极端风险度量上更精确,在基金评价和检验中的应用中是可行的。     

基于Expectile回归的均值-ES组合投资决策

为解决均值-ES（Expected Shortfall）组合投资决策中的计算困难，通过理论证明将其转化为一个Expectile回归问题，进而给出其Expectile回归求解新方法。该方法具有两个方面的优势：第一，Expectile回归的目标函数为二次损失函数，具有连续、光滑等特性，其优化与计算过程简单易行，且具有很好的可扩展性；第二，优化Expectile回归目标函数得到Expectile，利用Expectile与ES之间对应关系，能够准确地得到最优组合投资的ES风险值。选取沪深300指数中具有行业代表性的5支股票进行实证研究，将基于Expectile回归的均值-ES模型与均值-VaR模型、均值-方差模型进行对比，发现前者能够很好地分散组合投资尾部风险大小，显著提高组合投资绩效。     

基于VaR的多阶段金融资产配置模型

本文提出了基于VaR的多阶段金融资产配置模型。进一步以我国经济环境为依托,考虑了未来各种资产收益、工资变动及物价变动的不确定性,对这一模型进行了仿真计算,并与静态模型在最优性上进行了比较,得出了动态模型优于静态模型的结论。在期望财富相同的情况下,基于VaR的多阶段资产配置模型比静态模型的期望损失成本低,承担的风险更小。     

基于EVT-POT-SV-MT模型的极值风险度量

针对金融资产收益的异常变化,采用SV-MT模型对风险资产的预期收益做风险补偿并捕捉收益序列的厚尾性、波动的异方差性等特征,将收益序列转化为标准残差序列,通过SV-MT模型与极值理论相结合拟合标准残差的尾部分布,建立了一种新的金融风险度量模型——基于EVT-POT-SV-MT的动态VaR模型.通过该模型对上证综指做实证分析,结果表明该模型能够合理有效地度量上证综指收益的风险.     

考虑事件风险的在险价值研究

本文讨论了考虑事件风险的资产的在险价值方法,并以此对上海股票指数作了实证研究。这种方法用跳跃来描述事件风险,用跳跃-扩散过程来描述收益率过程。通过模拟退火算法来估计模型参数,利用随机模拟方法求得资产收益率的模拟分布,进而计算组合的在险价值。通过对上海指数的实证研究表明,资产的事件风险是不可忽略的,考虑事件风险的在险价值更加合理。     

Integrality in Stochastic Inventory Models

We study several finite‐horizon, discrete‐time, dynamic, stochastic inventory control models with integer demands: the newsvendor model, its multi‐period extension, and a single‐product, multi‐echelon assembly model. Equivalent linear programs are formulated for the corresponding stochastic dynamic programs, and integrality results are derived based on the total unimodularity of the constraint matrices. Specifically, for all these models, starting with integer inventory levels, we show that there exist optimal policies that are integral. For the most general single‐product, multi‐echelon assembly system model, integrality results are also derived for a practical alternative to stochastic dynamic programming, namely, rolling‐horizon optimization by a similar argument. We also present a different approach to prove integrality results for stochastic inventory models. This new approach is based on a generalization we propose for the one‐dimensional notion of piecewise linearity with integer breakpoints to higher dimensions. The usefulness of this new approach is illustrated by establishing the integrality of both the dynamic programming and rolling‐horizon optimization models of a two‐product capacitated stochastic inventory control system.     

基于GARCH模型和SV模型的VaR 比较

简单介绍了VaR的含义及计算方法,指出推测市场因子的波动情况是计算VaR的关键.通过对比GARCH和SV模型,得出SV模型更能刻画金融市场的实际特征.将随机波动SV模型应用于VaR的计算,最后作实证研究.通过与GARCH模型下的结果对比,说明基于SV模型计算的VaR更具有动态性和准确性,VaR更贴切地反映了金融市场的风险水平.     

基于GARCH模型和SV模型的VaR 比较

简单介绍了VaR 的含义及计算方法,指出推测市场因子的波动情况是计算VaR 的关 键. 通过对比GARCH 和SV 模型,得出SV 模型更能刻画金融市场的实际特征. 将随机波动SV 模型应用于VaR 的计算,最后作实证研究. 通过与GARCH 模型下的结果对比,说明基于SV 模 型计算的VaR 更具有动态性和准确性,VaR 更贴切地反映了金融市场的风险水平     

上海银行间同业拆放利率的风险测度

随着中国利率市场化进程的深化,利率风险将越来越大,同时上海银行间同业拆放利率将逐步成为中国的基准利率体系.在构建上海银行间同业拆放利率期限结构动态模型的基础上,首先利用风险值模型度量上海银行间同业拆放利率的风险值,然后进行后验检验,再利用期望损失模型度量上海银行间同业拆放利率的风险值,并时上海银行间同业拆放利率风险度量的风险值方法和期望损失方法进行比较分析.研究结果表明,无论从动态拟合效果,还是从风险度量的后验检验看,GED分布都优于正态分布和t分布,适合用于刻画上海银行间同业拆放利率序列的分布;上海银行间同业拆放利率序列具有均值回复特征和反杠杆效应;当风险值模型不能有效测度上海银行间同业拆放利率风险时,期望损失模型能部分克服风险值模型的不足,能有效测度实际损失风险.总的说来,APARCH-GED-VaR-ES模型可以较为准确地测度上海银行间同业拆放利率风险.     

基于期权的商业银行总体经济资本测度研究

本文基于期权定价方法和在险价值原理,提出了两种新的商业银行总体经济资本测度方法,并给出了相关参数的估计方法和计算步骤。与自下而上的经济资本测度相比,我们的测度方法不仅能够反映宏观经济和市场环境变化的影响,且能体现出银行的内部经营和风险管理能力,也能反映银行管理者的风险偏好。同时,它还与在险价值资本测度的目标一致,揭示了经济资本的期权本质。估计方法比较简单,所需数据容易获得,估算结果为商业银行风险管理和资本结构决策提供了参考。     

具有时变自由度的t-copula蒙特卡罗组合收益风险研究

应用时变条件t-copula函数描述股票指数收益序列之间的时变相依结构。时变条件t-copula模型的难点在于如何设定时变相依参数的演化方程,本文建立了用于描述包含时变自由度在内的所有时变相依模型参数的演化方程。进而采用蒙特卡洛仿真方法计算了各种指数组合的VaR,分析了道琼斯指数与标准普尔指数组合风险的演化趋势,并对结果进行后验测试,结果表明,时变条件t-copula函数仿真估计VaR可以覆盖最大损失风险。